A widespread population of the miniature burrowing pig (Microscrofus troglodytes) is thought to actually consist of smaller local breeding units either side of an ecotone. 120 individuals were sampled across this distribution and genotyped for the AbClocus. The results were as follows: Is this population in HWE? Test using the chi-square test. Show working. If not, how does it deviate from HW expectation? What is the result? Do the data support the original hypothesis? Can you think of any other explanation? How might you test your hypotheses further?
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
To determine whether the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for the Ab locus, we need to compare the observed genotype frequencies with the expected frequencies under HWE assumptions. The expected genotype frequencies under HWE can be calculated using the allele frequencies observed in the population.
Let's assume that the Ab locus has two alleles, A and B. We'll denote the allele frequencies as p and q, respectively, and the expected genotype frequencies under HWE as p^2 (AA), 2pq (AB), and q^2 (BB).
Given the genotyping data, we can analyze the observed genotype frequencies and calculate the expected frequencies. Let's say we obtained the following counts:
AA: 45 individuals
AB: 60 individuals
BB: 15 individuals
To determine the allele frequencies, we can calculate the allele counts. Let's denote the frequency of allele A as p and allele B as q.
Count(A) = 2 * AA + AB = 2 * 45 + 60 = 150
Count(B) = 2 * BB + AB = 2 * 15 + 60 = 90
Total count = Count(A) + Count(B) = 150 + 90 = 240
p = Count(A) / Total count = 150 / 240 = 0.625
q = Count(B) / Total count = 90 / 240 = 0.375
Now, we can calculate the expected genotype frequencies under HWE:
p^2 = (0.625)^2 = 0.390625
2pq = 2 * 0.625 * 0.375 = 0.46875
q^2 = (0.375)^2 = 0.140625
To determine whether the population is in HWE, we can perform a chi-square test using the observed and expected genotype frequencies.
Observed:
AA: 45 individuals
AB: 60 individuals
BB: 15 individuals
Expected (calculated above):
AA: (0.390625) * 120 = 46.875
AB: (0.46875) * 120 = 56.25
BB: (0.140625) * 120 = 16.875
To conduct the chi-square test, we compare the observed and expected frequencies for each genotype and calculate the chi-square statistic:
Chi-square = Σ [(Observed - Expected)^2 / Expected]
Calculating for each genotype:
AA: [(45 - 46.875)^2 / 46.875] = 0.07602
AB: [(60 - 56.25)^2 / 56.25] = 0.26765
BB: [(15 - 16.875)^2 / 16.875] = 0.10741
Summing the values:
Chi-square = 0.07602 + 0.26765 + 0.10741 = 0.45108
Degrees of freedom (df) = Number of genotypes - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2
To determine whether the population is in HWE, we compare the chi-square statistic with the critical value from the chi-square distribution table for the given significance level and degrees of freedom. If the calculated chi-square value exceeds the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis of HWE.
Alternatively, we can use statistical software or an online chi-square calculator to obtain the p-value associated with the calculated chi-square value. If the p-value is below the chosen significance level (e.g., 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis.
Further analysis:
If the population is not in HWE, it suggests that there are deviations from the expected genotype frequencies. The deviations could indicate factors such as non-random mating, genetic drift, selection, mutation, or migration.
To explore the deviations further and understand the factors contributing to the population's deviation from HWE, additional investigations can be conducted. These might include:
1. Investigating mating patterns: Assessing whether individuals are preferentially mating with individuals of certain genotypes or from specific breeding units.
2. Genetic drift: Analyzing the population size and potential bottlenecks or founder effects that could contribute to deviations from HWE.
3. Selection: Examining whether natural selection is acting on the Ab locus, leading to deviations from expected genotype frequencies.
4. Mutation and migration: Assessing the potential impact of new mutations or migration from other populations on the observed genotype frequencies.
By conducting these additional investigations, we can gain a better understanding of the factors influencing the population's deviation from HWE and further test the original hypothesis.
Related Questions
PLEASE HELP!!!!!!PLEASEEE
Answers
Answer: Here are some factors on why the Carbon Levels are lower in this months. The main factor why is because it's around the summer time, and a lot of plants grow at this time of year. With the more plants grown, the more Carbon is out of the air, and the less levels there are in the air. The second factor why this is happening is because many people are on vacations. They are resting in Florida, or chilling in Italy. You may be like, What? But this is a reason. When they are chilling on the beach, there vehicle isn't in use, and it lowers the levels as more people are doing this. And In these times, people are staying home, so they aren't using their car, which added, increases the carbon rates. And in Winter, the plants die, so the carbon goes up, and cars burn more petrol to keep it in use in the cold, which also increases the carbon levels in the air. I hope this helps. :)
is a cell membrane a lipid, protein, or a carbohydrates?
Answers
Answer:
According to what i have learned the ANSWER IS
Explanation:
a fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins.Answer:
Lipid
Explanation:
I saw in my bio book
A red bloom cell has diameter of 0.008mm. a model of the red blood cell has a diameter of 80mm. What is the scale of the model
Answers
Scale of the model: 1:10,000. To find the scale of the model, we need to compare the size of the model to the actual size of the red blood cell. Given that the diameter of the red blood cell is 0.008mm and the diameter of the model is 80mm, we can calculate the scale by dividing the diameter of the model by the diameter of the actual cell.
Scale = Model diameter / Actual cell diameter
Substituting the given values:
Scale = 80mm / 0.008mm
Simplifying the expression:
Scale = 10,000
Therefore, the scale of the model is 1:10,000.
1. Identify the diameter of the red blood cell: 0.008mm.
2. Identify the diameter of the model: 80mm.
3. Use the formula Scale = Model diameter / Actual cell diameter.
4. Substitute the values into the formula: Scale = 80mm / 0.008mm.
5. Simplify the expression to find the scale: Scale = 10,000.
6. The scale of the model is 1:10,000, indicating that the model is 10,000 times larger than the actual red blood cell.
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10 different terminologies used in biology
Answers
abdomenabdomenabiogenesisabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyactive transportabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyactive transportalleleabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyactive transportallelealternation of generationsabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyactive transportallelealternation of generationsanabolismabdomenabiogenesisabsorptionactivation energyactive transportallelealternation of generationsanabolismGenegenitic
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Who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection
Answers
Charles Darwin
The theory of evolution is a shortened form of the term “theory of evolution by natural selection,” which was proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the nineteenth century.
hope this helps
why does climate change as you move from the equator to the north and South Pole
Answers
Answer:
Temperature range increases with distance from the equator. Also, temperatures decrease as you move away from the equator. This is because the suns rays are dispersed over a larger area of land as you move away from the equator. This is due to the curved surface of the earth.
A magnetic force surrounds
Answers
Answer:
magnetic field.
Explanation:
The invisible area around a magnetic object that can pull another magnetic object toward it or push another magnetic object away from it is called a magnetic field. It's kind of like those invisible “force fields” that surround an object with invisible power in sci-fi movies and books.
the neurotransmitter is secreted by the neurons of the basal nuclei. the degeneration of these neurons results in disease.
Answers
The neurotransmitter dopamine is secreted by the neurons of the basal nuclei. The degeneration of these neurons results in Parkinson disease.
What is Parkinson's disease?Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease in which movement is affected. This happens because the nerve cells do not produce enough dopamine. Parkinson's symptoms begin gradually with tremors in the hands, arms, legs, slowness of movement with balance and coordination problems. As time goes by, these problems begin to worsen until they disable the individual from simple skills.
This disease usually appears in old age around 60 years old, it is more common in men and it is not a disease that has a cure but if there are medications that can improve the symptoms, even surgery or stimulation can be given in severe cases in the brain.
Therefore, we can confirm that the neurotransmitter dopamine is secreted by the neurons of the basal nuclei. The degeneration of these neurons results in Parkinson disease.
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Penguins adapt to bear the cold. Their body structure helps them to keep warm.
What is the behavior seen in penguins?
Answers
Answer:
Penguins are known for their unique and often endearing behaviors, which have captured the fascination of people around the world. Some of the most commonly observed behaviors in penguins include:
Huddling: Penguins often huddle together in large groups to conserve warmth and protect themselves from the harsh Antarctic winds.
Tobogganing: Some penguin species, such as the emperor penguin, use their bellies to slide across the ice, a behavior known as tobogganing. This is an efficient way for them to travel across the ice without expending too much energy.
Nest building: Many penguin species build nests out of rocks or pebbles to protect their eggs and chicks from the cold ground and wind.
Marching: Some penguin species, such as the king penguin, are known for their distinctive waddling gait, which is sometimes referred to as "marching."
Vocalizing: Penguins have a wide range of vocalizations that they use to communicate with each other. These can include calls, trumpeting, and braying.
Swimming and diving: Penguins are excellent swimmers and divers, and can hold their breath for several minutes at a time while hunting for fish and other prey.
These behaviors are adapted to the unique environment of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, where penguins live. They allow penguins to survive and thrive in this challenging environment, and have also endeared these remarkable birds to people around the world
Explanation:
Which three elements are common to the reactants and the products of
both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
o
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbon, hellum, and oxygen
o
Oxygen, Hydrogen, and chlorine,
Oxygen, hydrogen and chlorine,
CLEAR ALL
Unanswered
(PREVIOUS
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10
HEVY
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Glucose is used to provide energy to the muscles and tissues to the body, while plants use glucose to produce starch
Study the map. Which plate forms a boundary with the African Plate?
Answers
Answer:
down below
Explanation:
The western edge of the African Plate is a divergent boundary with the North American Plate to the north and the South American Plate to the south which forms the central and southern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Answer:
south american
Explanation:
in an alligator, the integumentary system includes scales, fat, and claws. an organ such as the skin is composed of
Answers
in an alligator, the integumentary system includes scales, fat, and claws. an organ like
What is an alligator's body like?Its color is greenish, almost brown, with a yellowish belly, a broad and flat snout, and it can measure up to 3 meters in length. Alligators are nocturnal animals and during the day they form groups to sunbathe. It feeds on fish, birds and mammals.
With this information, we can conclude that Alligators are large reptiles and members of the order Crocodylia. The two existing species of alligators and the many worldwide species of crocodiles are closely related, and people often confuse one with the other. An alligator is distinguished by its wide, rounded snout and black color.
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How does the process of photosynthesis use ATP?
A.to capture light energy B.to absorb water C.to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar D.to produce ADP from oxygen and light energy
Answers
Answer:
C.to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is the process whereby green plants make their own food using sunlight. The photosynthetic process occurs in two main stages viz: light-dependent and light-independent stage. In the light-dependent stage, light energy from the sun is captured and used to power the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, which is used in the next stage.
In the light-independent stage or Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into sugar (glucose).
What role do chromatin remodelers play in eukaryotic gene expression?.
Answers
Chromatin remodelers play a crucial role in eukaryotic gene expression by regulating the accessibility of DNA to transcription factors and RNA polymerase.
Chromatin remodelers are protein complexes that can alter the structure and packaging of chromatin, which consists of DNA wrapped around histone proteins. By rearranging the position and composition of nucleosomes, chromatin remodelers can either facilitate or inhibit the binding of transcription factors and RNA polymerase to specific gene promoters. This, in turn, can either activate or repress gene expression.
In summary, chromatin remodelers are essential regulators of eukaryotic gene expression. They function by modifying the accessibility of DNA to transcription factors and RNA polymerase, and can either promote or inhibit gene expression by altering the structure and packaging of chromatin.
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a new drug is developed that prevents adp from unbinding from the myosin head group. you inject it into the bicep muscle of a person and then observe the effects. what observable effect would you expect to see as the drug is injected into a resting muscle?
Answers
When a drug is injected into a resting muscle, which prevents ADP from unbinding from the myosin head group, the observable effect would be sustained muscle contraction or muscle stiffness.
In a resting muscle, the myosin heads are bound to actin filaments in a relaxed state. During muscle contraction, the myosin heads undergo a series of biochemical changes, including the release of ADP (adenosine diphosphate) from the myosin head group. This allows for the cross-bridge cycle to continue and muscle contraction to occur.
By preventing ADP from unbinding from the myosin head group, the new drug disrupts the normal cycle of muscle contraction and relaxation. As a result, the muscle remains in a contracted state, leading to sustained muscle contraction or muscle stiffness.
This effect can be observed as increased muscle tone or a lack of muscle relaxation after the injection of the drug into a resting muscle. The sustained muscle contraction can result in discomfort, restricted movement, and potential impairment of muscle function. It is important to note that the specific effects may vary depending on the dosage and individual response to the drug.
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2. Two parrots have different parents. One parrot has red chest feathers, and the other parrot has yellow chest feathers.
Why do the parrots have different feather colors on their chest?
a
Each parrot has different feather colors because offspring from different parents will have different feather
colors..
b
Each parrot has different feather colors because they have different versions of the gene for feather color
that connect together to make different feather colors.
C
The parrots have different versions of the gene for feather color, and the genes are different colors in each
parrot's feathers.
d
The parrots have different versions of the gene for feather color, which instruct for different proteins that
connect in different ways to make different feather colors.
Answers
The reason that the parrots have different feather colors on their chest is option d: The parrots have different versions of the gene for feather color, which instruct for different proteins that make different feather colors.
Why are feathers colored the way they are?Melanins. On both the skin and feathers of birds, melanins can be found as minute granules of color. Melanin can generate colors ranging from the deepest black to reddish browns and mild yellows, depending on its concentration and location.
Therefore, It makes plausible that these two parrots, who had two distinct parents, would have gotten their characteristics from them since one has red feathers and the other has yellow feathers. Humans have a variety of hair hues. The color of a parrot's chest can vary. These two are both inherited traits.
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difference between physical and non physical quantity
Answers
Example : the SPEED of light, MASS of Earth, TEMPERATURE of the Sun, LENGTH of the cardboard, FORCE, TORQUE, etc
(The quantities in bold are physical ones)
Non- Physical Quantities are those which cannot be measured directly or indirectly.
Example : Your LOVE, basically all the feelings
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Diffuse input to the cortex relaying through the thalamus, from what area, keeps the cortex active during wakefulness?
a. cerebellum
b. basal ganglia
c. reticular formation
d. spinal cord
Answers
The reticular formation area's diffuse input to a cortex, relayed by the thalamus, maintains the cortex active throughout awake.
The hypothalamus and brain stem, situated at the bottom of the brain, collaborate to regulate when people are awake and asleep.The Ch5-Ch6 neurons' effects on arousal, attention, and sleep are thought to be partially mediated via the reticular activating system, which is conventionally linked to the thalamic intralaminar and reticular nuclei.Visceral, somatic, & sensory systems all provide information to the RAS. This system uses acetylcholine, serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine, histamine, and hypocretin as neurotransmitters. The cerebellum may play a role in controlling sleep and/or wakefulness because cerebellar dysfunction can cause sleep disturbances such excessive daytime sleepiness.
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in some genetic conditions, a change in the dna is thought to cause the condition. how could this occur and why?
Answers
A change or mutation in the DNA sequence can cause genetic conditions. This occurs due to various reasons including spontaneous mutations, environmental factors, and inherited mutations.
The impact of a DNA mutation on a person's health depends on several factors, including the type and location of the mutation, as well as the genes involved. Some of the common mechanisms that cause DNA mutations include:
Spontaneous mutations: These occur randomly and can result from errors that occur during DNA replication. DNA polymerases, the enzymes responsible for copying DNA, can occasionally make mistakes, leading to errors in the genetic code.Environmental factors: Certain environmental agents, such as UV radiation, chemicals, and viruses, can cause DNA damage that leads to mutations.Inherited mutations: Some mutations are passed down from one generation to the next. These mutations can arise from errors during meiosis, the process of cell division that leads to the formation of gametes, or from mutations in the sperm or egg cells of the parentsLearn more about mutation here:
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What is the difference between scientific theory and law?
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Like theories, scientific laws describe phenomena that the scientific community has found to be provably true. Generally, laws describe what will happen in a given situation as demonstrable by a mathematical equation, whereas theories describe how the phenomenon happens.
Are fish considered a sustainable resource? Explain.
Answers
Describe las diferentes características que puedas observar entre los dos ejemplos¿A qué tipo de roca pertenecen?
Answers
Nota: Imagen de las rocas en archivo adjunto
Answer:
A- Roca sedimentaria
B- Roca Ignea
Explanation:
A- Características: A simple vista pareciera ser una roca con restos fósiles sedimentados, de colores opacos en los tonos de los marrones. Pareciera ser una roca sedimentaria. Las rocas sedimentarias se forman por acumulación de sedimentos en capas, uno sobre otro, incluyendo dentro de estas capas restos animales o vegetales que quedan incrustrados. Una vez tapados por mas capas, a medida que pasa en tiempo, los restos se van fosilizando y las capas se sedimiento se van solidificando hasta formar una roca.
B- Características: A simple vista se pueden observar distintos colores: rosa, blanco y negro. Entre estos tres, el rosa es el color que predomina. Cada color, correspondiente a un mineral, se observa en forma granular. La textura de este elemento parece ser suave, lo que indica un uso industrial y consecuente importancia económica. Puede tratarse de una roca de granito, de orígen igneo intrusivo. Conformadas principalmente por cuarzo y feldespato, de granos visibles a simple vista. Pueden observarse tambien otros minerales presentes. Por esta composición de minerales, la roca adquiere coloración general rosa, gris o blanca. El cuarzo da color blanco. El feldespato, predominante, puede dar colores claros a rosa salmon en distintas tonalidades. Otros compuestos pueden aportar colores oscuros como el que se oberva en la foto.
Suppose a researcher previously cloned gene Y into M13 bacteriophage vector. Gene Y encodes a product called peptide Y. A region of gene Y contains the DNA sequence ATG-CGC-GAA-CTG-GTG-AAC-TAA. You may use a codon table determine the sequence of peptide Y. The researcher wishes to change a Leu residue to a Gin residue in this region of peptide Y using site-directed mutagenesis. What is the sequence of the mutant oligonucleotide? a. ATG-CGC-GAA-TTG-GTG-AAC-TAA b. ATG-CGC-GAA-CGG-GTG-AAC-TAA c. ATG-CGC-GAA-CAG-GTG-AAC-TAA d. ATG-CGC-GAA-CCG-GTG-AAC-TAA
Answers
The DNA sequence ATG-CGC-GAA-CTG-GTG-AAC-TAA contains the start codon (ATG) and codes for the amino acid sequence Met-Arg-Glu-Leu-Val-Asn. Using a codon table, we can determine that the codons for each of these amino acids are AUG, CGC, GAA, CUG, GUG, and AAC, respectively. The correct alternative is option c.
To change a Leu residue (L) to a Gin residue (Q), we need to change the CUG codon to a CAG codon, since CAG codes for glutamine and CUG codes for leucine.
The mutant oligonucleotide will have a single nucleotide change from the original sequence. Looking at the options, only one of them has a single nucleotide change from the original sequence. Therefore, the sequence of the mutant oligonucleotide is: ATG-CGC-GAA-CAG-GTG-AAC-TAA.
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What unique property of water makes ice?
Answers
Answer:
Water Molecules.
Explanation:
However, when water Molecules are frozen(lower temperature) they move slower, this is condensation when particles freeze or become gaseous they are either moving faster or moving slower.
Which of the following is the simplest level of organization? Group of answer choices Organism Organ Tissue Cell Flag question: Question 2 Question 21 pts A group of tissues that work together to perform a single function make up a [ Select ] Flag question: Question 3 Question 31 pts Pick the correct order of levels of organization within the body starting with the most simple and ending with the most complex. Group of answer choices 1. smallest unit of life [ Choose ] 2. many cells together make this [ Choose ] 3. many tissues working together make this [ Choose ] 4. organs working together [ Choose ] 5. one complete individual living thing [ Choose ] Flag question: Question 4 Question 41 pts An example of an organ system is Group of answer choices a human being a paramecium the heart the circulatory system Flag question: Question 5 Question 51 pts An example of an organ is Group of answer choices digestive system amoeba dog brain pls answer all asap
Answers
Answer:
ooo my god!!! it is so much
Many birds travel in flocks. Which type of adaptation and adaptive technique do they use? (Choose 2 answers)
Answers
The adaptive technique is flocking.
What is the adaptation when birds travel in flocks?Birds traveling in flocks exhibit a behavior known as flocking, which is an adaptation that helps improve their survival in several ways.
Birds can navigate more effectively in flocks, as they are able to follow the lead of other birds and coordinate their movements. This helps them to find food and other resources more efficiently.
In conclusion, flocking is a beneficial adaptation that has evolved in many species of birds. By traveling in flocks, birds can improve their safety, conserve energy, navigate more effectively, and communicate more efficiently.
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Meiosis is significant within a population because it increases the –
a
amount of genetically modified organisms
b
number of new alleles available
c
genetic variations in the population
d
number of mature males
Answers
Answer:
Letter a amount of genetically modified organisms
4. The temperature in \( \# 3 \) is fresh water's temperature of maximum density. a. lower than b. equal to c. higher than
Answers
The given statement “The temperature in # 3 is fresh water's temperature of maximum density” means that the temperature at point 3 has a density of maximum density compared to other points of fresh water. So, the temperature at point 3 is equal to fresh water's temperature of maximum density. Therefore, the answer is option b. equal to.
Water is known as the only substance on earth that exists in all three forms, i.e., solid, liquid, and gas. Moreover, the density of water is also unique compared to other substances. Density is the property of a substance that measures the relationship between the mass and volume of a substance. The density of water varies with temperature and pressure. So, the density of water is always higher than that of gases but lower than most solids.
The density of fresh water at standard atmospheric pressure is around 1000 kg/m³, whereas seawater has a density of around 1025 kg/m³ at the surface. The density of water at different temperatures: Water has a unique density-temperature relationship, meaning the density of water varies with temperature.
At 4 °C, fresh water has the highest density, and as the temperature rises or falls below this point, the density of water decreases. So, water has an anomalous density-temperature relationship. Hence, b is the correct option.
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Use the word bank below to fill in the blanks in the next question. Be careful, spelling counts! histone modification genomic conflict genetic maternal effect genomic imprinting environmental maternal effect DNA methylation induced pluripotent stem cells embryonic stem cells
usually inactivates genes, while We discussed two different types of epigenetic marks for "tags") in lecture. can activate or inactivate genes The hypothesis suggests that there are opposing evolutionary pressures on alleles of maternal versus paternal origin with respect to genes that affect early embryonic and fetal growth. Ideally, the cloning of whole organisms flike pets) should involve because these have very few or no epigenetic markers silencing specific genes. are usually used instead because they are easier to obtain, but they retain epigenetic tags that make cloning less successful The phenomenon in which a gene's expression is determined by its parental origin is called
Answers
DNA methylation usually inactivates genes, while histone modification can activate or inactivate genes. Genomic imprinting is the phenomenon in which a gene's expression is determined by its parental origin. Embryonic stem cells are usually used instead of induced pluripotent stem cells in cloning due to the retention of epigenetic tags that make cloning less successful.
DNA methylation plays a role in gene inactivation by adding methyl groups to DNA, while histone modification can activate or inactivate genes by modifying the histone proteins associated with DNA. Genomic imprinting refers to the phenomenon where gene expression is influenced by the parent of origin. In cloning, embryonic stem cells are preferred over induced pluripotent stem cells due to the retention of epigenetic tags that affect gene expression and may impact the success of cloning.
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The diagram below shows organisms in a food web.
The organisms labeled A are MOST likely
carnivores.
decomposers.
herbivores.
producers.
Answers
Answer:
i think its decomposer's but there all on pointing towards a so i think decomposers are the best choice
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Explanation: