Acid fast bacteria have some significant differences as compared to non-acid fist bacteria. What is the major chemical (structural) difference among these acid fast bacteria that might explain why the need for the acid-fast stain procedure? Hint: This structural difference also affects the way the bacteria grow on media (both broth as well as the media containing agar) and the length of time they take to grow. Q2. (Use the lab manual to answer this) How does heating the bacterial smear during a Zichl-Neelson stain procedure promote entry of carbol fuchsin into the acid fast cell wall? Why is the Kinyoun procedure referred to as the "cold" acid fast stain procedure? Explain what happens instead in the Kinyoun stain procedure during the application of the carbol fuchsin. Q3. Are acid fast negative bacteria stained by carbol fuchsin? If so, explain why the acid fast stain is considered to be a differential stain? What color are non-acid fast bacteria and why? Note: Why do you suppose the acid fast stain in not as widely used as the Gram stain? When is it more useful than the Gram stain? Can you name the bacterial genera that are considered to be acid fast?
Answers
Acid-fast bacteria differ from non-acid fast bacteria in that they possess a waxy layer, known as mycolic acid, which is responsible for their resistance to decolorization with acid-alcohol. Due to their waxy coating, these bacteria grow slowly, are resistant to antibiotics, and are difficult to stain.
The mycolic acid layer also gives the bacteria their characteristic appearance under the microscope, which is useful for identification purposes.The Ziehl-Neelson procedure requires the use of a heat source, such as a Bunsen burner or hot plate, to heat the bacterial smear during the staining process. This helps to promote the entry of the carbol fuchsin stain into the mycolic acid layer of the bacteria, making it easier to visualize them under the microscope.The Kinyoun procedure, also known as the cold acid-fast stain, does not require the use of a heat source. Instead, a stronger solution of carbol fuchsin is used, which allows the stain to penetrate the mycolic acid layer without the need for heat.Acid-fast negative bacteria are not stained by carbol fuchsin, as they lack the mycolic acid layer that makes acid-fast bacteria resistant to decolorization.
The acid-fast stain is considered a differential stain because it is used to differentiate acid-fast bacteria from non-acid-fast bacteria. Acid-fast bacteria appear red or pink after staining, while non-acid-fast bacteria appear blue or purple. This color difference makes it easy to distinguish between the two types of bacteria.The acid-fast stain is not as widely used as the Gram stain because it is more time-consuming and requires additional steps. It is more useful than the Gram stain for identifying acid-fast bacteria, such as Mycobacterium and Nocardia.
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The major chemical difference in acid-fast bacteria is the presence of a waxy lipid called mycolic acid in their cell walls.
Heating the bacterial smear during the Ziehl-Neelsen stain procedure softens the mycolic acid layer, allowing carbol fuchsin to enter the acid-fast cell wall. Acid-fast negative bacteria can be stained by carbol fuchsin but do not retain the stain after the decolorization step. The acid-fast stain is not as widely used as the Gram stain because it is specific to acid-fast bacteria, which are a smaller group of bacteria compared to those detected with the Gram stain.
Q1. The major chemical (structural) difference among acid-fast bacteria is the presence of a waxy lipid called mycolic acid in their cell walls. This mycolic acid layer makes their cell walls impermeable to many stains, including the commonly used Gram stain. The need for the acid-fast stain procedure arises due to this structural difference. The presence of mycolic acid also affects the way acid-fast bacteria grow on media and the length of time they take to grow.
Q2. Heating the bacterial smear during a Ziehl-Neelsen stain procedure promotes the entry of carbol fuchsin into the acid-fast cell wall by softening the mycolic acid layer. The heat helps to melt the waxy layer, allowing the carbol fuchsin to penetrate and stain the acid-fast bacteria. The Kinyoun procedure is referred to as the "cold" acid-fast stain procedure because it uses a more concentrated form of carbol fuchsin without the application of heat. In the Kinyoun procedure, the higher concentration of the stain compensates for the lack of heat, allowing it to penetrate the mycolic acid layer and stain the acid-fast bacteria.
Q3. Acid-fast negative bacteria can be stained by carbol fuchsin, but they do not retain the stain after the decolorization step. The acid-fast stain is considered a differential stain because it differentiates acid-fast bacteria (which retain the red color of carbol fuchsin) from non-acid-fast bacteria. Non-acid-fast bacteria are counterstained with a contrasting color, such as methylene blue. The non-acid-fast bacteria appear blue (or the color of the counterstain) because they take up the counterstain instead of retaining the primary stain.
The acid-fast stain is not as widely used as the Gram stain because it is specific for detecting acid-fast bacteria, which represent a smaller group of bacteria compared to the broader range of bacteria that can be identified using the Gram stain. The acid-fast stain is more useful than the Gram stain when specifically looking for acid-fast bacteria, such as those belonging to the genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia.
The bacterial genera considered to be acid-fast are Mycobacterium and Nocardia.
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Related Questions
Match the examples of pest management techniques with the five general methods listed.
-By planting resistant tomatoes to prevent verticillium wilt
-Using lady beetles to manage aphids
-Hoeing Weeds
-Applying an herbicide to decomposed granite to manage weeds
Answers
Pest management refers to the process of reducing and controlling the population of pests to minimize their harmful effects.
Here are the examples of pest management techniques with the five general methods listed: Hoeing Weeds- This is an example of cultural methods. By planting resistant tomatoes to prevent verticillium wilt - This is an example of plant resistance.
Using lady beetles to manage aphids - This is an example of biological methods. Applying an herbicide to decomposed granite to manage weeds - This is an example of chemical methods. To control pests, a combination of methods may be used, including biological, cultural, and chemical.
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Put the layers of the stomach muscularis in order, starting from the lumen and working outward. A) Circular layer, longitudinal layer, oblique layer B) Longitudinal layer, oblique layer, circular layer C) Oblique layer, circular layer, longitudinal layer D) Longitudinal layer, circular layer, oblique layer
Answers
The correct answer is B) Longitudinal layer, oblique layer, circular layer. The stomach muscularis is the layer of muscle in the stomach that is responsible for its motility. It is composed of three layers of smooth muscle fibers, which are arranged in different orientations.
The innermost layer is the circular layer, which encircles the stomach. The middle layer is the longitudinal layer, which runs along the length of the stomach. The outermost layer is the oblique layer, which runs diagonally across the stomach. When these muscle fibers contract in coordinated patterns, they create the contractions that propel food through the stomach and into the small intestine. The longitudinal layer is the first layer that is encountered when moving outward from the lumen of the stomach, followed by the oblique layer, and then the circular layer. Understanding the arrangement of these muscle fibers is important for understanding how the stomach functions and how it contributes to the overall process of digestion.
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what is the function of each stage of meiosis?
Answers
Answer:
Before the cell enters meiosis, the chromosomes in a cell are duplicated (during the interphase). In meiosis I, the chromosomes condense along the center of the nucleus and pair with their homologues during crossing over. Next, the pairs of chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.
Explanation:
Development of only one Pollen Grain from microspore Mother cell is reported in family
Answers
Answer:
Pollen grains are produced by meiosis of microspore mother cells that are located along the inner edge of the anther sacs (microsporangia). ... The tube cell (also referred to as the tube nucleus) develops into the pollen tube. The germ cell divides by mitosis to produce two sperm cells.
PLEASE I WILL MARK BRAINLIST
Answers
Answer:
B.
Explanation:
it belived to be one of the earliest chemical
pesticide.
Hope it's Help
which population should display the highest growth rate?
Answers
2. What do Red Blood Cells carry and what is their function?
3.How does the Digestive System pick up Amino Acids and Glucose?
4.What is the role of the heart?
Answers
Does a community include abiotic features? Explain
Answers
Drug resistance occurs? because bacteria are normal microbiota. when antibiotics are used indiscriminately
Answers
Drug resistance occurs in fungi.
What causes drug resistance in bacteria?Microbes are living entities that evolve over time, such as bacteria, viruses, fungus, and parasites. Their principal function is to rapidly multiply, prosper, and spread. As a result, microorganisms adapt to their environments and alter to secure their survival. If something, such as an antibiotic, inhibits their capacity to develop, genetic modifications can occur that allow the bacterium to survive. Most microorganisms divide every few hours, allowing them to change swiftly and adapt to changing environmental conditions. Mutations occur during replication, and some of these mutations may enable an individual bacteria withstand antimicrobial exposure.learn more about drug resistance refer:
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QUESTION:
Select the correct answer.
Sickle cell disease is a hereditary mutation that causes the red blood cells to deform, decreasing their ability to carry oxygen. Based on the image, what kind of mutation occurs to cause sickle cell disease?
ANSWER OPTIONS
deletion
duplication
substitution
translocation
Answers
Answer:
Substitution
Explanation:
The image shows substitution mutation. Base A and base T switched position in the gene sequence.
PLS HELP ASAP Select the word that means how easily water can move through a substance. Lesson 2.03 o particles permeability porosity
Answers
Answer:
permeability
Explanation:
dictionary definition: the state/quality of a material or membrane that causes it to allow liquids or gases to pass through it
in biology we use this term to describe the cell membrane, it is "semi-permeable" because it allows certain gasses and molecules to pass through
The water can easily move through a substance and it is called permeability. Hence, option B is correct.
What is permeability?The ability of molecules to pass through a biological membrane or barrier is known as biological permeability. Because cell membranes are selectively impermeable, substances cannot pass through the barrier without consideration. Some of the characteristics that affect permeability include polarity, hydrophobicity, charge, size, and shape.
The metabolic activities, survival, and potential use of the cell in both biotechnological applications and physiological systems are all greatly impacted by the cell membrane permeability, which controls the rate of solute transport into and out of the cell.
The water can easily move through a substance when the substance is permeable. Hence, option B is correct.
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Which DNA fingerprinting technique examines the length variation of DNA repeat sequences in human DNA?
Answers
The DNA fingerprinting technique that examines the length variation of DNA repeat sequences in human DNA is called Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) analysis.
VNTRs are DNA regions that comprise short, repeating nucleotide sequences. Because the number of repeats at a specific VNTR locus can differ between people, it is a useful tool for DNA profiling.
VNTR research entails amplifying VNTR regions with PCR and then sorting the amplified fragments by size with gel electrophoresis.
Unique DNA profiles can be produced by comparing the size and number of amplified fragments between different people, which can then be used for identification and other purposes.
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Why do you think engineers working on the Venice Tide Barrier project are following the Engineering and Design Process?
A. A creative, effective solution an be developed
B. The Engineering and Design Process costs more time and money
C. It eliminates the need for creativity
D. Over time, there will be no need to brainstorm or test ideas
Answers
Answer:
Please correct me if I’m wrong but I believe it’s cause it’s A
Explanation:
sorry If I answered your question wrong I didn’t mean to I really tried
Answer:
listening the money by the drums
Explanation:
what are buffers and why are they important to cells
Answers
Answer:
Buffers are chemicals that help a liquid resist changing its acidic properties when other chemicals are added that will normally cause a change in these properties.
Answer:
buffers are chemicals that help a liquid resist changing its acidic properties. the reason they are important to cells is because buffers maintain the right pH of a liquid.
source(s)
https://sciencing.com/role-of-buffers-in-cells-12731573.html
What is a likely reason for the change from mitosis to meiosis during reproduction under these conditions?
Answers
Mitosis and meiosis are the two types of cell division, which result in the generation of daughter cells. Yeasts are capable of undergoing meiotic and mitotic division under favorable conditions.
The correct answer is:
Option B: Crossing over genes during meiosis increases diversity and the chance of survival of the next generation.
The significance of meiosis can be explained as:
Meiosis is a reduction division, in which the diploid parent cell gives rise to haploid daughter cells.The crossing over of the genetic material of the haploid cells leads to genetic diversity and a higher rate of survival.Meiosis leads to genetic diversity as the data in the parent cells are fused and recombined to give rise to new offspring.Thus, meiosis is an important step in the genetic variation and survival of the organism.
Therefore, option B is correct.
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Can you always see the whole illuminated half of the Moon from Earth? Why or why not?
Answers
Which organisms in an ecosystem are most likely to be affected by bioaccumulations of toxins? Explain.
Answers
Answer:
It is usually the top of the food chain species because it is the one that receives the most of whatever is bioaccumulating.
Explanation:
imagine you are performing a cross involving seed color in garden pea plants. what f1 offspring would you expect if you
Answers
Imagine that you are crossing garden pea plants with seed colors. f1 posterity, you expect if your Yellow seed tone is predominant over the green.
The cross demonstrates that the genotype of the plant of the first generation is Gg. In this way, all plants will bear a green coat tone for seed. Three of the four offspring have at least one G allele, meaning that they will bear a green seed coat, while one is for gg. Thus, its seed coat will be yellow.
The pea plant has the genotype SsYy because it is heterozygous for both the shape and color of its seeds.
F1 progeny with round, yellow (RrYy) seeds are produced by two pea plants, one with round green seeds (RRyy) and the other with wrinkled yellow seeds (rrYY). The F2 offspring will have a new set of traits when they are born from F1 plants that are self-fertilized.
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Q-Imagine you are performing a cross involving seed color in garden pea plants. What F1 offspring would you expect if you cross true-breeding parents with green seeds and yellow seeds?
The abdominal subregion below the umbilical region is called the __________
region.
Answers
The abdominal subregion below the umbilical region is called the hypogastric region.
What is the hgypogastric region?The pubic area or suprapubic region is the right word for the abdomen subregion beneath the umbilical region.
The subregion below the umbilical region and in between the two iliac regions is called the hypogastric region, often called the lower abdomen. It surrounds the region around the bladder, uterus (in females), and the bottom section of the intestines and is located in the lower part of the abdomen, above the pubic bone.
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List some possible polymers that can be formed from each of these monomers
glucose
fructose
glycine
glycerol
Answers
Answer:
Polymer is a substance that is made from several repeating monomer units
Polymers formed from each of the given monomers are as follows:
Glucose - Starch and glycogen are the polymers that are formed from the glucose unit which is used as a stored form of energy in plants and animals respectively.Fructose - polysaccharide inulin or inulin is a polymer of fructose, naturally found in plants and is a stored form of energy, typically found in roots or rhizomes.Glycine - Polyglycine is a polyamino acid formed from glycine found in polypeptides.Glycerol - plasticizer, thickener, and lubricant are the synthetic polymers of glycerol.The belief that leadership qualities can be developed within the individual Marine, and that leaders have the responsibility for developing those qualities is the ________.
Answers
Answer: Marine Corps philosophy of leadership.
Explanation:
Some of the Marine Corps Leadership qualities include inspiring others, through patriotism, having good morals, technical proficiency etc.
The objective of the Marine Corps leadership is simply to enable the Marines possess leadership qualities which will be essential to the Marine Corps and also to the society at large.
e the following problem and select your answer from the choices given.
Question
Under ideal conditions, the population of a certain species doubles every nine years. If the population
starts with 100 individuals, which of the following expressions would give the population of the species t
years after the start, assuming that the population is living under ideal conditions?
2×100⁹r
2× 100 %.
100 x 2⁹
100 × 2
Answers
The expression that would give the population of the species t years after the start, assuming that the population is living under ideal conditions will be C. 100 × 2^9.
How to illustrate the population?A population is described as a group of people who belong to the same species and cohabit a particular area. In order to survive over time, members of a population frequently rely on the same resources, are subject to the same environmental restrictions, and depend on the availability of other members.
From the information, the the population of a certain species doubles every nine years. If the population starts with 100 individuals.
Therefore, this can be illustrated as:
100 × 2^t
Since the number of years is given as 9. This will be:
100 × 2^t
= 100 × 2^9
Therefore, the correct option is C.
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Select the correct answer.
Which one of the following statements holds true for the induced-fit model?
OA. Once the enzyme binds to the specific substrate molecule, no structural changes can occur in the active site of the enzyme.
B. Once the enzyme binds to the specific substrate molecule, structural changes can occur in the active site to accomodate the
product
OC. Once the enzyme binds to a specific substrate molecule, subtle structure changes occur in the active site, which are reverted
when the reaction is over.
Answers
Answer:
The second statement.
How does the nervous system influence the respiratory system? (1 point)
O regulates heart rate
O stimulates pathogen response
O controls muscle contraction
o regulates breathing rate
Answers
Answer:
The nervous system influence the respiratory system by regulating breathing rate.
Explanation:
The respiratory system is controlled by the nervous system, which consists of two branches - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. In addition the respiratory centers of the brainstem is responsible for the regulation of breathing patterns.
Jane was in an interview that lasted approximately 20 minutes. It was very cool in the room. As she walked out of the room, she noticed droplets of water formed on her spectacles. What is this transition of water from a vaporous state to a liquid state called? A. melting B. freezing C. evaporation D. condensation E. deposition
Answers
Answer: the answer is condensation
Answer:
condensation
Explanation:
What are the four reasons why Mendel choose garden pea for his experiment?
Answers
Mendel chose garden pea for his experiment because they have shorter life span, are bise-xual, self pollinating and have visible physical characteristics.
Mendel conducted a lot of experiments during his study in genetics. He considered garden pea ideal for his experiments for a number of reasons. The first reason being that garden pea has a short life span and because of this they are able to grow very quickly and are easy to maintain. The second reason is that they have visible physical characteristics which makes them easy to observe and study.
The other two reasons being that garden peas have bise-xual flowers and because of this, these garden peas are self-pollinating. They do not need another plant for pollination and can also easily cross pollinate.
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Action potentials do not stay in one place, they are _____ throughout the entire sarcolemma like ripples in a pond.
Answers
This propagation allows for coordinated muscle contraction as the action potential rapidly spreads across the sarcolemma, activating the release of calcium ions and initiating the contractile process .
Action potentials do not stay in one place; they propagate or spread throughout the entire sarcolemma, which is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber. This propagation can be compared to ripples in a pond, where the disturbance moves outward from the source. Similarly, once initiated, an action potential travels along the sarcolemma, transmitting the electrical signal across the muscle fiber. This propagation allows for coordinated muscle contraction as the action potential rapidly spreads across the sarcolemma, activating the release of calcium ions and initiating the contractile process within the muscle fibers.
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if 120 seeds are produced how many of them should grow into white flowering plants?
Answers
Match each term with its definition.
deforestation
urbanization
desertification
the process by which habitable land turns
uninhabitable
the clearing or cutting down of trees
the movement of people from rural areas to
cities
Answers
Answer:
deforestation=the clearing or cutting down of trees
urbanization = the movement of people from rural areas to cities
desertification = the process by which habitable land turns uninhabitable
The correct match for each term is given as Deforestation- the clearing or cutting down of trees. urbanization- the movement of people from rural areas to cities, desertification- the process by which habitable land turns uninhabitable.
Deforestation is the process of clearing forests for other uses, such as agricultural crops, urban sprawl, or mining operations.
Deforestation has been accelerated by human activity since 1960 and has a significant impact on natural ecosystems and biodiversity, as well as the climate.
Desertification occurs when vegetation in drylands (i.e., arid or semi-arid land, such as grassland or shrubland) diminishes and eventually disappears.
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a well tested explanation for experimental resultsA. a controlled experimentB. an inferenceC. a hypothesisD. a theory
Answers
A well-tested explanation for experimental results is a theory. The correct answer is option D.
A well-tested explanation for experimental results is typically referred to as a theory. A theory is a comprehensive and well-supported explanation that has been repeatedly tested through experiments and observations.
It is based on a substantial body of evidence and can be used to make predictions and further scientific inquiries. Theories are more robust and encompassing than hypotheses, which are initial explanations or predictions that have yet to be extensively tested.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D. a theory.
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