An amplifier system without feedback has the following specifications: Open loop gain: 90 Input impedance: 25kQ Output impedance: 5kQ (i) (11) If the amplifier system employs negative feedback and the close loop gain is 9.5, calculate the system feedback factor, p. Suppose the negative feedback topology used for the amplifier system in Q3(a)(i) is a current shunt feedback, determine the amplifier, input impedance and output impedance of the amplifier with feedback.

Answers

Answer 1

The system feedback factor (β) is 0.118. The amplifier input impedance (Z_in) with current shunt feedback is approximately 2.152 kΩ. The amplifier output impedance (Z_out) with current shunt feedback remains the same as the output impedance without feedback, which is given as 5 kΩ.

(i)

To calculate the system feedback factor (β), we can use the formula:

β = 1 / (1 + A * Β)

where A is the open-loop gain and Β is the feedback factor.

It is given that Open-loop gain (A) = 90, Closed-loop gain (A_f) = 9.5

Rearranging the formula, we get:

β = 1 / (A / A_f - 1)

β = 1 / (90 / 9.5 - 1)

β = 1 / (9.4737 - 1)

β = 1 / 8.4737

β ≈ 0.118

Therefore, the system feedback factor (β) is approximately 0.118.

(ii)

For a current shunt feedback topology, the amplifier input impedance (Z_in) with feedback can be approximated as:

Z_in = Z_i / (1 + A * Β)

where Z_i is the input impedance without feedback.

It is given that, Input impedance without feedback (Z_i) = 25 kΩ and Feedback factor (Β) = 0.118

Z_in = 25 kΩ / (1 + 90 * 0.118)

Z_in = 25 kΩ / (1 + 10.62)

Z_in = 25 kΩ / 11.62

Z_in ≈ 2.152 kΩ

Therefore, the amplifier input impedance (Z_in) with current shunt feedback is approximately 2.152 kΩ.

The amplifier output impedance (Z_out) with current shunt feedback remains the same as the output impedance without feedback, which is given as 5 kΩ.

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Related Questions

star drills are used for drilling holes in ? material(s).

Answers

Star drills are commonly used for drilling holes in hard materials such as concrete, masonry, and stone.

What types of materials can star drills effectively drill holes in?

Star drills are versatile tools that can be used for drilling holes in a variety of materials, including concrete, masonry, and stone. Their unique design, featuring a star-shaped cutting edge with sharp points, allows them to penetrate and chip away at hard surfaces. These drills are particularly useful for tasks that require manual drilling in situations where power tools are not available or practical.

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(Gas Mileage) Drivers are concerned with the mileage their automobiles get. One driver has kept track of several trips by recording the miles driven and gallons used for each tankful. Develop a Java application that will input the miles driven and gallons used (both as integers) for each trip. The program should calculate and display the miles per gallon obtained for each trip and print the combined miles per gallon obtained for all trips up to this point. All averaging calculations should produce floating-point results. Use class Scanner and sentinel-controlled iteration to obtain the data from the user.

Answers

Answer:

import java.util.*;

public class Main {

   

   public static void main(String[] args) {

     

       double milesPerGallon = 0;

       int totalMiles = 0;

       int totalGallons = 0;

       double totalMPG = 0;

       

       Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

 

       while(true){

           System.out.print("Enter the miles driven: ");

           int miles = input.nextInt();

           if(miles <= 0)

               break;

           else{

               System.out.print("Enter the gallons used: ");

               int gallons = input.nextInt();

               totalMiles += miles;

               totalGallons += gallons;

               milesPerGallon = (double) miles/gallons;

               totalMPG = (double) totalMiles / totalGallons;

               System.out.printf("Miles per gallon for this trip is: %.1f\n", milesPerGallon);

               System.out.printf("Total miles per gallon is: %.1f\n", totalMPG);

           }

       }

   }  

}

Explanation:

Initialize the variables

Create a while loop that iterates until the specified condition is met inside the loop

Inside the loop, ask the user to enter the miles. If the miles is less than or equal to 0, stop the loop. Otherwise, for each trip do the following: Ask the user to enter the gallons. Add the miles and gallons to totalMiles and totalGallons respectively. Calculate the milesPerGallon (divide miles by gallons). Calculate the totalMPG (divide totalMiles by totalGallons). Print the miles per gallon and total miles per gallon.

Find the volume of the rectangular prism
9 cm
10 cm

Answers

Answer:

V= 90h cm³ where h is the height of the rectangular prism.

Explanation:

The formula for volume of a rectangular prism is ;

V=l*w*h  where;

V=volume in cm³

l= length of prism=10cm

w =width of the prism = 9 cm

Assume the height of the prism as h cm then the volume will be;

V= 10* 9*h

V= 90h cm³

when the value of height of the prism is given, substitute that value with h to get the actual volume of the prism.

The primary winding of a 120 volt transformer has 200 turns. The secondary winding has 20 turns. What is the secondary winding voltage

Answers

Answer:

  12 volts

Explanation:

The voltage ratio is equal to the turns ratio.

  secondary/primary = 20/200 = v2/120

  v2 = 120(20/200) = 12

The secondary winding voltage is 12 volts.

The U.S. is heading toward its biggest political and constitutional crisis since the Civil War, and within the next three or four years there is a high probability of mass violence, the collapse of federal authority, and the division of the country into enclaves of Republicans and Democrats.

Answers

The U.S. is heading toward its biggest political and constitutional crisis since the Civil War, and the collapse of federal authority, as well as the division of the country into enclaves of Republicans and Democrats is known to be a true statement.

What is  constitutional crisis?

In regards to political science, a constitutional crisis is known to be a kind of an issue or a problem or it can be called a conflict in the function of a government that is said to be the political constitution or other fundamental governing law which is seen or perceived to be unable to handle the countries issues.

Hence, The U.S. is heading toward its biggest political and constitutional crisis since the Civil War, and the collapse of federal authority, as well as the division of the country into enclaves of Republicans and Democrats is known to be a true statement.

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To manipulate arrays in your scripts, you use the methods and length property of the ____ class. a. Array. c. Matrix. b. String. d. Vector. a. Array.

Answers

To manipulate arrays in your scripts, you use the methods and length property of the Array class. So, the correct option is a. The Array class is a built-in object in JavaScript, and it is used to store a collection of values, which can be of different data types.

The Array class provides several methods that allow you to add, remove, and modify elements in an array, as well as perform various operations on the array, such as sorting, filtering, and mapping.

One of the most important properties of the Array class is its length property, which returns the number of elements in the array. This property can be used to iterate over the elements of the array or to check if the array is empty. Additionally, the Array class provides several methods that allow you to access, modify, and manipulate the elements of the array, such as push, pop, shift, unshift, splice, slice, and concat.

In summary, the Array class is a powerful tool for manipulating arrays in JavaScript, and it provides a wide range of methods and properties that make it easy to work with arrays in your scripts. By mastering the Array class, you can create more efficient and effective scripts that can handle complex data structures and operations.

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64º26’18’’ + 195º57’12,75’’ – 100º55’35’’

Answers

Answer:

I can help you with your calculation.

To add and subtract angles in degrees, minutes, seconds (DMS) form, you need to follow these steps12:

Align the angles so that the degrees, minutes, and seconds are in the same column.

Add or subtract the seconds first. If the result is more than 60 or less than 0, adjust the minutes accordingly.

Add or subtract the minutes next. If the result is more than 60 or less than 0, adjust the degrees accordingly.

Add or subtract the degrees last.

Using this method, your calculation can be done as follows:

64º26’18’’ + 195º57’12,75’’ – 100º55’35’’ = 64º26’18’’ + 195º57’12.75’’ – 100º55’35’’ = 159º83’30.75’’ – 100º55’35’’ = 159º83’(30.75 - 35)’’ – 100º55’0’’ = 159º82’55.75’’ – 100º55’0’’ = 159º(82 - 55)’55.75’’ – 100º0’0’’ = 159º27’55.75’’ – 100º0’0’’ = (159 - 100)º27’55.75’’ = 59º27’55.75’’

Therefore, the answer is 59º27’55.75’’. I hope this helps!

Explanation:

electric vehicle cable type evj . i. is available in sizes 18 awg to 500 kcmil ii. is rated for extra hard usage iii. has thermoset insulation select one: a. i only b. ii only c. iii only d. i, ii

Answers

The correct answer is The correct answer is d. EVJ cable type is available in sizes ranging from 18 AWG to 500 kcmil and is rated for extra hard usage.

Additionally, it has thermoset insulation, which provides excellent resistance to high temperatures and chemicals. The thermoset insulation ensures that the cable can withstand the harsh environments of electric vehicle applications, where exposure to heat and chemicals is common.EVJ cable type is commonly used in electric vehicle charging stations, battery management systems, and other applications where high power is required. The range of sizes available makes it a versatile cable that can accommodate different power requirements. The extra hard usage rating ensures that the cable can withstand the rough handling that is typical in electric vehicle charging stations.

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Aluminium alloys find use in aircraft industry because of
A) good weldability
B) low specific gravity
C) good corrosion resistance
D) high strength

Aluminium alloys find use in aircraft industry because of A) good weldability B) low specific gravityC)

Answers

Alloys of aluminium find use in aircraft industry because of its: B) low specific gravity.

What is an alloy?

An alloy simply refers to a homogenous mixture (substance) that is produced by melting or joining two or more chemical elements together, with at least one of the elements being a metal.  

Generally, some examples of the components of alloys include the following:

CarbonZincSilverTinAluminum

In the aircraft industry, alloys of aluminum typically find use because of its low specific gravity.

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norton's theorem and thevenin's theorem related linearity property​

Answers

Norton's theorem in regards to  linearity property​ is known to be one that employ the use of a current source while the Thevenin's theorem is known to be one that employ the use of a voltage source.

Thevenin's theorem make use of a resistor in a kind of series, but Norton's theorem is known to use a resister set in a kind of parallel way in line with the source.

What is Norton's Theorem?

Norton's Theorem is known to be a law that states that one can be able to simplify any form of  linear circuit, no matter how difficult or hard that it may be, to an equivalent circuit through the use of only one current source and also the use of a parallel resistance linked to a load.

Note that, Norton's theorem in regards to  linearity property​ is known to be one that employ the use of a current source while the Thevenin's theorem is known to be one that employ the use of a voltage source.

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for the case study problem, design the input shaft, including complete specification of the gear, bearings, key, retaining rings, and shaft

Answers

The design of the input shaft includes gear, bearings, key, retaining rings, and shaft specifications. It involves selecting appropriate components and determining their specifications for efficient operation.

What factors are considered in designing the input shaft?

Designing the input shaft involves careful consideration of various factors to ensure efficient and reliable operation. The gear, bearings, key, retaining rings, and shaft specifications are critical components in this process. The gear selection is based on factors such as torque requirements, speed, and desired gear ratio.  The bearings must be chosen to handle the expected loads and provide smooth rotation.

The key and retaining rings ensure proper alignment and secure attachment of the gear to the shaft. The shaft specification includes determining its material, dimensions, and surface finish to meet strength, stiffness, and durability requirements. Factors like torque, speed, and operating conditions play a crucial role in selecting the appropriate material and ensuring the shaft can withstand the applied forces.

Careful consideration of these specifications and component choices ensures optimal performance and reliability of the input shaft in the specific application.

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When you double the velocity, you _____ the kinetic energy.

Answers

Answer:

you quadruple the kinetic energy

in c, which looping function performs an action first and then tests to see whether the action should continue to occur?

Answers

The looping function in C that performs an action first and then checks whether the action should continue to happen is do-while.

The do-while loop is a variation of the while loop. The loop executes once before testing the conditional statement because the block of statements inside the loop is executed once before testing the conditional statement. The loop continues to execute until the conditional statement is true.

The syntax for the do-while loop in C is as follows:

do{ statement1; statement2; . . .statementn;} while (condition);

The statements in the do-while loop's body are executed once before the conditional statement is checked. If the conditional statement is true, the loop will repeat until it is false. Because of the do-while loop's peculiarities, it is known as a post-tested loop.

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A farmers drainage ditch has a width of 2 m and a depth of 50 cm. It is lined with concrete with a roughness of 0.011 and slopes at 0.0009. Calculate the ditch's discharge rate.

Answers

Answer:

Using the Manning's Equation, the discharge rate can be calculated as follows:

Q = (1.49/n) x A x R^(2/3) x S^(1/2)

Where:

Q = discharge rate (m^3/sec)

n = Manning's roughness coefficient (0.011)

A = cross sectional area of the ditch (2m x 0.5m = 1 m^2)

R = hydraulic radius (half the width of the ditch, or 1 m)

S = slope of the ditch (0.0009)

Q = (1.49/0.011) x 1m^2 x 1m^(2/3) x 0.0009^(1/2)

Q = 13,636.36 m^3/sec

Knowing that the central portion of the link BD has a uniform cross-sectional area of 800 2, determine the magnitude of the load P for which the normal stress in that portion of BD is 50 .

Answers

Answer: 50

Explanation:

a commercial refrigerator with r-134a as the working fluid is used to keep the refrigerated space at -35 c by rejecting waste heat to cooling water that enters the condenser at 18 c at a rate of 0.25 kg/s and leaves at 26 c. the refrigerant enters the condenser at 1.2 mpa and 50 c and leaves at the same pressure subcooled by 6 c. if the compressor consumes 3.3 kw of power , determine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, b) the refrigerant load, c) the cop, and d) the minimum power input to the compressor for the same refrigeration load.

Answers

At 1.2mpa pressure and 50c

What is pressure?
By pressing a knife against some fruit, one can see a straightforward illustration of pressure. The surface won't be cut if you press the flat part of the knife against the fruit. The force is dispersed over a wide area (low pressure).

a)Mass flow rate of the refrigerant
Therefore h1= condenser inlet enthalpy =278.28KJ/Kg
saturation temperature at 1.2mpa is 46.29C
Therefore the temperature of the condenser

T2 = 46.29C - 5
T2 = 41.29C

Now,
d)power consumed by compressor W = 3.3KW
Q4 = QL + w = Q4
QL = mR(h1-h2)-W
= 0.0498 x (278.26 - 110.19)-3.3
=5.074KW
Hence refrigerator load is 5.74Kg

(COP)r = 238/53
(Cop) = 4.490

Therefore the above values are the (a) mass flow rate of the refrigerant, b) the refrigerant load, c) the cop, and d) the minimum power input to the compressor for the same refrigeration load.

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Represent the logic of a program that allows the user the decide if an employee is eligible for overtime pay. If the employee is hourly, then output "Eligible for overtime," and if the employee is salaried, then output "Not eligible for overtime."

Answers

Using the knowledge in computer language in python it is possible to write a code that relates the hours of paid work of an employee

writing the code in python

Overtime pay

Input pay, rate

If rate =="Hourly" then

 print "Eligible for overtime"

Else if rate =="Monthly" then

 print "Not eligible for overtime"

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Represent the logic of a program that allows the user the decide if an employee is eligible for overtime

If the pressure in a hydraulic press is increased by an additional 10 n/cm2, how much extra load will the output piston support if its cross-sectional area is 50 cm2?.

Answers

The pressure given is P = 10N/cm²

The cross sectional area is A = 50cm²

Formula ,

P = Force / Area

F = P X A

F = ( 10N/cm² ) X ( 50cm² )

F= 500N

From cars to us carrying bags everything we use the concept of pressure.. The work that requires high pressure over a finite and small area is known as the  the hydraulic press.

The hydraulic press depends on Pascal's principle:  which says that the pressure through closed system is constant.

The hydraulic press has rapidly improved with time is providing great precision, control and effective functioning.

Hence extra load will the output piston IS 500N

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The pressure drop in a duct is to be measured by a differential oil manometer. If the differential height between the two fluid columns is 5.7 inches and the density of oil is 41 lbm/ft^3, what is the pressure drop in the duct in mmHg

Answers

The pressure drop in a duct is to be measured by a differential oil manometer. If the differential height between the two fluid columns is 5.7 inches and the density of oil is 41 lbm/ft^3, what is the pressure drop in the duct in mmHg?We can use the formula given below to find the pressure drop:$$p=\gamma h$$Where, p = pressure drop, $\gamma$ = density of oil, and h = height of fluid columnSubstituting the given values in the formula above,

we have:$$\begin{aligned} p&=\gamma h \\ &=\frac{41\ lbm}{ft^3}\times\frac{5.7\ in}{12\ in/ft}\times\frac{1\ ft}{1000\ mm}\times\frac{12\ in}{1\ ft}\times\frac{1\ lbm}{0.454\ kg}\times\frac{1\ kg}{9.807\ N}\times\frac{1\ mmHg}{13.6\ N/m^2} \\ &=\frac{41\times5.7}{12\times1000\times0.454\times9.807\times13.6}\ mmHg \\ &=0.1419\ mmHg\approx0.14\ mmHg \end{aligned}$$Therefore, the pressure drop in the duct is approximately 0.14 mmHg.

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1. What's an object in your everyday life that has a lot of Kinetic Energy? How do you know it has a lot?

"Something that has a lot of Kinetic Energy is _____. I know this because..."


2.What's an object in your everyday life that has a lot of Potential Energy? How do you know it has a lot?

"Something that has a lot of Potential Energy is _____. I know this because..."

Answers

Answer:

. What's an object in your everyday life that has a lot of Kinetic Energy? How do you know it has a lot?

"Something that has a lot of Kinetic Energy is a plane and a baseball . I know this because the baseball gets energy to it when its thrown which is giving in kinetic energy".

2.What's an object in your everyday life that has a lot of Potential Energy? How do you know it has a lot? "an object that has a lot of potential energy is Water that is behind a dam. A car that is parked at the top of a hill. A yoyo before it is released. I know this because

the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors."

An Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provider shares its computing resources between a number of different clients, each of whom has a separate dedicated instance to host their own operating systems and applications.

Which Cloud computing concept is illustrated here?

Answers

Answer:

Elasticity

Explanation:

Cloud computing comprises of three (3) service models and these are;

1. Platform as a Service (PaaS).

2. Software as a Service (SaaS).

3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

The function of ARP is to resolve a logical address into the corresponding hardware address of a destination? (True or False)

Answers

TRUE

The ARP request packet contains the source MAC address and the source IP address and the destination IP address. In the ARP request packet, the source IP address and destination IP address are filled with the same source IP address itself. The destination MAC address is the Ethernet broadcast address (FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF).

Raven is adding FSMO roles to domain controllers in the domain1.com forest. The forest contains a single domain and three domain controllers, DC1, DC2, and DC3. DC1 contains a copy of the global catalog, and all three domain controllers have the latest version of Windows Server 2019 installed. Which of the following is a best practice that Raven should follow? She should use DC2 or DC3 as the Domain Naming Master. B She should create the Domain Naming Master role on DC1. She should create three Domain Naming Master roles, one for each domain controller. She does not need to create the Domain Master role because DC1 contains a copy of the global catalog.

Answers

The best practice that Raven should follow is to use DC2 or DC3 as the Domain Naming Master of the following is a best practice that Raven should follow. The correct option is A.

The management of the addition or deletion of domains from the forest is the responsibility of the Domain Naming Master. For redundancy and fault tolerance, it is advised to split the FSMO roles among several domain controllers.

Since DC1 already has a copy of the global catalog, it is advantageous to choose a different domain controller (DC2 or DC3) as the Domain Naming Master to disperse the workload and guarantee high availability. This ensures that the forest's operations may continue even if one domain controller goes offline and prevents the creation of a single point of failure.

Thus, the ideal selection is option A.

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2. 17 Calculate the tension in the cable at B required to support the load of 200 kg. The cable passes over a frictionless pulley located at C. Neglect the size of this pulley and the weight of the boom. No 60 30 T 200 kg

Answers

The tension in the cable at point B required to support the load of 200 kg is 1960 N.

What is the tension required to support the cable?

To calculate the tension in the cable at point B, we can start by analyzing the forces acting on the system.

If the load is at equilibrium, then the weight or gravitational force exerted by the load is equal to the tension or force required to support the load.

T_B - W_Boom = 0

Solving for T_B, we get:

T_B = W_Boom

T_B = mg

where;

g is acceleration due to gravitym is the mass of the load

T_B = 200 kg x 9.8 m/s²

T_B = 1960 N

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Question 7 2 pts For a self-bias CS JFET amplifier circuit, solve for the lower critical frequency in Hz due to the output RC circuit. Given the ff: RD=1.2kQ RL=10.9kQ2 CD=0.031uF

Answers

A self-bias CS JFET amplifier circuit is the most common type of JFET amplifier circuit. The output RC circuit is a crucial component of this circuit. The lower critical frequency of the self-bias CS JFET amplifier circuit can be calculated using the given values.

The given values are as follows: RD = 1.2 kΩ, RL = 10.9 kΩ, and CD = 0.031 μF.The formula for calculating the lower critical frequency is:$$f_L = \frac{

1

}

{

2\pi R_L C_D

}

$$Substitute the given values into the formula:$$f_L = \frac{

1

}

{

2\pi (10.9 \ k\Omega) (0.031 \ \mu F)

}$$Convert kilo-ohms to ohms:$$f_L = \frac{

1

}

{

2\pi (10,900 \ \Omega) (0.031 \ \mu F)

}$$

Convert microfarads to farads:$$f_L = \frac{

1

}

{

2\pi (10,900 \ \Omega) (3.1 \times 10^

{

-8

}

\ F)

}

$$Solve for the lower critical frequency:$$f_L = 476.6 \ Hz$$Therefore, the lower critical frequency in Hz due to the output RC circuit of the self-bias CS JFET amplifier circuit is 476.6 Hz.

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Draw a radial power circuit arrangement containing 3 single fused sockets and 2 double unfused sockets showing the live, earth and neutral wiring

Answers

Answer:

Attached below is the Radial power circuit arrangement

Explanation:

Radial power circuit arrangement is done in a way that a single cable starts from the fuse box and connects to all the outlet socket contained in the circuit also the cable contains wires ( live , neutral and earth )

The advantage of a radial power circuit arrangement is that it enables easy identification of electrical faults on the circuit.

Draw a radial power circuit arrangement containing 3 single fused sockets and 2 double unfused sockets

The repair order must detail why the vehicle is in for repairs or what the customer is complaining about. What’s this known as on the repair order?

Answers

The repair order must detail why the vehicle is in for repairs or what the customer is complaining about. Note that this on the repair order is known as Problem Description.

What is the use of a Repair Order?

A repair order is a document used in an automotive repair shop or service center to document the details of a repair job.

It contains information about the vehicle, the customer, the problem or reason for the repair, the work done, and the repair cost. It is used as a record of the work done and for billing and warranty purposes.

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17. which statement best describes this mayan pyramid? a. it is built using hypostyle construction techniques. b. it is built using load-bearing construction techniques. c. it is built using post-and-lintel construction techniques. d. it is built using a combination of load-bearing construction techniques and classical orders.

Answers

They were made of stone blocks that were held together with lime mortar. Some were plastered over and painted.

Explain Mayan pyramid?Their primary goal was religious in nature. In fact, the pyramids were such an important part of Maya religion that they built two types of pyramids to help them worship the gods. Although both types of pyramids appear identical, they were used in very different ways.The ancient Maya used mathematics to support a wide range of daily activities, from market transactions to predicting eclipses and performing complex calendar calculations. Maya mathematics is vigesimal, which means that it counts by twenties rather than tens.

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A battery with an f.e.m. of 12 V and negligible internal resistance is connected to a resistor of 545 How much energy is dissipated by the resistor in 65 s?​

Answers

Answer:

When are resistors in series? Resistors are in series whenever the flow of charge, called the current, must flow through devices sequentially. For example, if current flows through a person holding a screwdriver and into the Earth, then  

R

1

 in Figure 1(a) could be the resistance of the screwdriver’s shaft,  

R

2

 the resistance of its handle,  

R

3

 the person’s body resistance, and  

R

4

 the resistance of her shoes.

Figure 2 shows resistors in series connected to a voltage source. It seems reasonable that the total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances, considering that the current has to pass through each resistor in sequence. (This fact would be an advantage to a person wishing to avoid an electrical shock, who could reduce the current by wearing high-resistance rubber-soled shoes. It could be a disadvantage if one of the resistances were a faulty high-resistance cord to an appliance that would reduce the operating current.)

Two electrical circuits are compared. The first one has three resistors, R sub one, R sub two, and R sub three, connected in series with a voltage source V to form a closed circuit. The first circuit is equivalent to the second circuit, which has a single resistor R sub s connected to a voltage source V. Both circuits carry a current I, which starts from the positive end of the voltage source and moves in a clockwise direction around the circuit.

Figure 2. Three resistors connected in series to a battery (left) and the equivalent single or series resistance (right).

To verify that resistances in series do indeed add, let us consider the loss of electrical power, called a voltage drop, in each resistor in Figure 2.

According to Ohm’s law, the voltage drop,  

V

, across a resistor when a current flows through it is calculated using the equation  

V

=

I

R

, where  

I

 equals the current in amps (A) and  

R

 is the resistance in ohms  

(

Ω

)

. Another way to think of this is that  

V

 is the voltage necessary to make a current  

I

 flow through a resistance  

R

.

So the voltage drop across  

R

1

 is  

V

1

=

I

R

1

, that across  

R

2

 is  

V

2

=

I

R

2

, and that across  

R

3

 is  

V

3

=

I

R

3

. The sum of these voltages equals the voltage output of the source; that is,

V

=

V

1

+

V

2

+

V

3

.

 

This equation is based on the conservation of energy and conservation of charge. Electrical potential energy can be described by the equation  

P

E

=

q

V

, where  

q

 is the electric charge and  

V

 is the voltage. Thus the energy supplied by the source is  

q

V

, while that dissipated by the resistors is

q

V

1

+

q

V

2

+

q

V

3

.

Explanation:

Technician A says that too high of charging system voltage can shorten light bulb life. Technician B says a bad ground wire can shorten light bulb life.

Answers

Both Technician A and Technician B are partially correct in their statements regarding the factors that can affect the lifespan of a light bulb.

Technician A's claim that too high of a charging system voltage can shorten light bulb life is accurate. Light bulbs are designed to operate within a specific voltage range, typically indicated on their packaging. Exceeding this voltage range can result in increased current flow, causing the filament to become hotter than intended and leading to accelerated wear and a shortened lifespan.

Technician B's assertion that a bad ground wire can shorten light bulb life is also valid. Proper grounding is essential for electrical systems to function correctly and safely. A bad ground wire can lead to fluctuating voltage levels and electrical surges. These voltage irregularities can cause the filaments in light bulbs to degrade more rapidly, reducing their lifespan.

However, it's important to note that there can be other factors contributing to light bulb lifespan as well. For example, the quality of the bulb itself, the frequency of turning the bulb on and off, vibrations, and excessive heat can all impact its longevity.

To maximize the lifespan of light bulbs, it is crucial to ensure that the voltage supplied to them falls within the recommended range and that the electrical system is properly grounded. Additionally, using high-quality bulbs, minimizing on/off cycling, and avoiding excessive vibrations or extreme temperatures can also help extend their lifespan.

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