Option C. UP. The direction of the Lorentz force on the positively charged particle is upwards.The Lorentz force on the positively charged particle moving at speed v in a magnetic field pointing into the page away from you is directed upwards.
According to the right-hand rule, the Lorentz force experienced by a charged particle moving in a magnetic field is perpendicular to both the velocity of the particle and the magnetic field. In this case, the particle is moving to the right, and the magnetic field is pointing into the page away from you. To determine the direction of the Lorentz force, we can use the right-hand rule.
Place your right hand flat on the page with your fingers pointing in the direction of the velocity (to the right) and then curl your fingers toward the direction of the magnetic field (into the page). Your thumb will point upwards, indicating the direction of the Lorentz force.
The Lorentz force on the positively charged particle moving at speed v in a magnetic field pointing into the page away from you is directed upwards. This is determined by applying the right-hand rule, where the thumb points in the direction of the Lorentz force when the fingers represent the velocity and are curled towards the direction of the magnetic field.
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An indefinitely long solid cylindrical insulator of radius 18.0 cm (R) has a non-uniform volume charge density of rho=4*r^(2) C/m^3. Calculate the magnitude of the electric field at a distance of 25.00 cm (r) from the axis of the cylinder. (in N/C)
The magnitude of the electric field is 1.77 x 10⁶ N/C, under the condition that the distance is 25.00 cm
The electric field at a distance of 25 cm from the axis of the cylinder can be calculated using Gauss's law. The electric field at a point outside a uniformly charged cylinder is given by
E = (ρ × r) / (2 × ε0),
here
ρ = charge density,
r = distance from the axis of the cylinder
ε0 = permittivity of free space.
Now, we have a non-uniform volume charge density of
ρ = 4 × r²C/m³
r = 25 cm
= 0.25 m
Staging these values in the above equation
E = (ρ × r) / (2 × ε0) = (4 × r³) / (2 × ε0)
= (2 × r³) / ε0
E = (2 × (0.25 m)³) / ε0
= 1.77 x 10⁶ NN/C
Therefore, the magnitude of the electric field at a distance of 25 cm from the axis of the cylinder is 1.77 x 10⁶ N/C.
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The scale is 1:30 and their are 10 boulders. How many boulders are their in the real pond
A:20
B:10
C:300
D:3
Answer:
the correct answer is C
Explanation:
When we express that the scale is 1:30 we mean that the objects of the realization are reduced by a factor of 30 in the graph, for example a distance of 30 cm in the graph is represented by a distance of 1 cm.
Therefore something that in the graph has n value to bring it to real size must be multiplied by the scale.
Applying this to our case if there is
10 boulder on the chart
in reality there are #_boulder = 10 30
#_boulder = 300 boulder
so the correct answer is C
differential rotation is when a planet's equator and polar regions rotate at different rates. True False
Children on the autism spectrum are at risk for nutritional deficiencies because?
Explanation: Research highlights the individuals with ASDS are nutritionally vulnerable because they exhibit a selective or pick eating pattern and sensory sensitivity that predisposes them to restricted intakes.
I hope this helps!
A grandfather clock has a mass of 11.2kg. what is the weight on the moon, where gravity is 1.67.
The weight of person on the moon can be given as,
\(w=mg\)Substitute the known values,
\(\begin{gathered} w=(11.2kg)(1.67m/s^2)(\frac{1\text{ N}}{1kgm/s^2}) \\ =18.7\text{ N} \end{gathered}\)Thus, the weight of person on the moon is 18.7 N,
how did the ptolemaic model explain the apparent retrograde motion of the planets? the planets resided on giant spheres that sometimes turned clockwise and sometimes turned counterclockwise. the planets resided on giant spheres that sometimes turned clockwise and sometimes turned counterclockwise. the planets sometimes stopped moving and then reversed to move backward along their circular orbits. the planets sometimes stopped moving and then reversed to move backward along their circular orbits. the model showed that apparent retrograde motion occurs as earth passes by another planet inits orbit of the sun. the model showed that apparent retrograde motion occurs as earth passes by another planet inits orbit of the sun. the planets moved along small circles that moved on larger circles around earth.
Some planetary phenomena defied explanation by Aristotle's universe model. Retrograde motion was the most obvious of these. Each planet appears to move in reverse at times when it is in retrograde motion, slowing down briefly before picking up speed again. As they move through the sky, planets also get brighter or dimmer. Neither phenomenon could be adequately explained by Aristotle's model.
What is Aristotle's model ?
The celestial and the terrestrial were Aristotle's two divisions of the cosmos. The Earth, Moon, and the region between them, known as the sub lunar region, were all considered to be parts of the terrestrial realm. The terrestrial world was characterized by change and flaws.
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1. What would be the force of attraction between any two bodies are made double and distance between them from their center is halved? a. 2 times b. 8 times c. 16 times d. 4 times
Please find attached photograph for your answer. Answer is c. 16 times. Do comment if you have any query. Don't forget to mark me Brainliest if you like my answer
What is the average velocity of the particle from rest to 9 seconds?
1 meter/second
B.
2 meters/second
C.
3 meters/second
D.
4 meters/second
How are earthquakes at continental plate boundaries different from earthquakes at mid-ocean ridges?
Differences between earthquakes at continental plate boundaries and earthquakes at mid-ocean ridges discussed in the answer.
What is earthquakes at continental plate boundaries and earthquakes at mid-ocean ridges?When plates travel in the same direction and collide, this happens. The thinner, denser, and more flexible oceanic plate dips beneath the thicker, more rigid continental plate when a continental plate meets an oceanic plate. It's known as subduction.
Deep ocean trenches, like the one that runs down South America's west coast, are created by subduction. The continent's undercut rocks start to melt. On occasion, a chain of volcanoes forms as the molten rock rises to the surface and passes through the continent. Nearly 80% of earthquakes happen along convergent borders, when plates are being forced together.
Shallow earthquakes, often less than 30 km deep, occur in small bands adjacent to plate borders along mid-ocean ridges and transform edges. There are earthquakes in subduction zones at various depths, some of which are more than 700 km deep. Because they occur everywhere throughout the subducting slab that stretches beneath the opposing plate, earthquake bands are wider along subduction zones. Wide areas of distributed earthquakes may be associated with collision zones between continents, such as those between the Eurasian plate and the plates to the south of the African, Arabian, and Indian tectonic arcs.
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which statement about one of newton's laws of motion is not correct? responses the total force on an object is calculated by multiplying its mass times its acceleration. the total force on an object is calculated by multiplying its mass times its acceleration. an object in motion continues in motion unless acted upon by and outside force. an object in motion continues in motion unless acted upon by and outside force. a
The total force on an object is calculated by multiplying its mass by its acceleration, and not the other way around
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4. Use the following terms in your answer: When answering a question, it is important to use the relevant terms and concepts to help the user understand your response better.
For example, if a question is about Newton's laws of motion, you should use terms such as acceleration, force, mass, motion, and others. Answer: The following statement about one of Newton's laws of motion is not correct:
the total force on an object is calculated by multiplying its mass times its acceleration. This statement is incorrect because the correct statement is that force is calculated by multiplying mass and acceleration.
Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. .
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A physics student of mass 43.0 kg is standing at the edge of the flat roof of a building, 12.0 m above the sidewalk. An unfriendly dog is running across the roof toward her. Next to her is a large wheel mounted on a horizontal axle at its center. The wheel, used to lift objects from the ground to the roof, has a light crank attached to it and a light rope wrapped around it; the free end of the rope hangs over the edge of the roof. The student radius 0.300 m and a moment of inertia of 9.60 kg m^2 for rotation about the axle, how long does it take her to reach the side walk, and how fast will she be moving just beofre she lands?
Answer:
The speed of the student just before she lands, v₂ is approximately 8.225 m/s
Explanation:
The given parameters are;
The mass of the physic student, m = 43.0 kg
The height at which the student is standing, h = 12.0 m
The radius of the wheel, r = 0.300 m
The moment of inertia of the wheel, I = 9.60 kg·m²
The initial potential energy of the female student, P.E.₁ = m·g·h₁
Where;
m = 43.0 kg
g = The acceleration due to gravity ≈ 9.81 m/s²
h = 12.0 h
∴ P.E.₁ = 43 kg × 9.81 m/s² × 12.0 m = 5061.96 J
The kinetic rotational energy of the wheel and kinetic energy of the student supporting herself from the rope she grabs and steps off the roof, K₁, is given as follows;
\(K_1 = \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot m \cdot v_{1}^2+\dfrac{1}{2} \cdot I \cdot \omega_{1}^2\)
The initial kinetic energy, 1/2·m·v₁² and the initial kinetic rotational energy, 1/2·m·ω₁² are 0
∴ K₁ = 0 + 0 = 0
The final potential energy of the student when lands. P.E.₂ = m·g·h₂ = 0
Where;
h₂ = 0 m
The final kinetic energy, K₂, of the wheel and student is give as follows;
\(K_2 = \dfrac{1}{2} \cdot m \cdot v_{2}^2+\dfrac{1}{2} \cdot I \cdot \omega_{2}^2\)
Where;
v₂ = The speed of the student just before she lands
ω₂ = The angular velocity of the wheel just before she lands
By the conservation of energy, we have;
P.E.₁ + K₁ = P.E.₂ + K₂
∴ m·g·h₁ + \(\dfrac{1}{2} \cdot m \cdot v_{1}^2+\dfrac{1}{2} \cdot I \cdot \omega_{1}^2\) = m·g·h₂ + \(\dfrac{1}{2} \cdot m \cdot v_{2}^2+\dfrac{1}{2} \cdot I \cdot \omega_{2}^2\)
Where;
ω₂ = v₂/r
∴ 5061.96 J + 0 = 0 + \(\dfrac{1}{2} \times 43.0 \, kg \times v_{2}^2+\dfrac{1}{2} \times 9.60 \, kg\cdot m^2 \cdot \left (\dfrac{v_2}{0.300 \, m} }\right ) ^2\)
5,061.96 J = 21.5 kg × v₂² + 53.\(\overline 3\) kg × v₂² = 21.5 kg × v₂² + 160/3 kg × v₂²
v₂² = 5,061.96 J/(21.5 kg + 160/3 kg) ≈ 67.643118 m²/s²
v₂ ≈ √(67.643118 m²/s²) ≈ 8.22454363 m/s
The speed of the student just before she lands, v₂ ≈ 8.225 m/s.
Light waves can be easily blocked but ______ waves pass through all substances? ( fill in the blank)
The field between two charged parallel plates is kept constant. If the two plates are brought closer together, the potential difference between the two plates.
Since the electric field between the plates is constant, If the two plates are brought closer together, the potential difference between the two plates decreases
The relation between potential difference and the electric field is given by ΔV = E.d
Since the electric field is maintained constant, the potential difference is directly inversely proportional to the distance between the plates.
The potential difference between the plates will therefore likewise decrease if the distance between the plates is reduced, we will state in this case.
The energy required to move a unit charge, or one coulomb, from one point to the other in a circuit is measured as the potential difference between the two points. Potential difference is measured in volts or joules per coulomb.
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Which type of energy is stored in chemical compounds and released in chemical reactions?
potential
kinetic
chemical
electrical
Answer:
Potential, tell me if that's wrong, and sorry if its wrong.
Explanation:
A volleyball player spikes a volleyball over the net. The mass of the volleyball is 0.3 kg. The ball accelerates at 800 m/s2. What is the net force that accelerates the ball?
The magnitude of net force which is required to accelerate the ball is 240 Newtons.
What is the net force?The net force is the vector sum of all the forces which are acting on a particle or an object. The net force is a single force which replaces the effect of the original forces which are acting on the particle's motion.
F = m × a
where, F = net force,
m = mass of the object,
a = acceleration of the object
F = 0.3 × 800
F = 240N
Therefore, the net force which is required to accelerate the ball is 240 Newtons.
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If a ball is thrown straight up into the air with an initial velocity of $60{ft} /{s}$, its height in feet after $t$ second is given by $y=60 t-16 t^2$. Find the average velocity (include units, help (units)) for the time period begining when $t=2$ seconds and lasting
(i) 0.5 seconds
Avenge velocity:
(ii) 0.1 seconds
Average velocity:
(iii) 0.01 seconds
Average velocity:
Finally based on the above results, guess what the instantaneous velocity of the ball is when $t=2$. Average velociry:
The instantaneous velocity of the ball is when $t=2$ is 32 ft/s so the average velocity: 32 ft/s.
The given function is $y=60t-16t^2$. We need to find the average velocity of the ball for the time period beginning when $t=2$ seconds and lasting. The average velocity is calculated by dividing the distance travelled by the time taken. The average velocity for the time period beginning when $t=2$ seconds and lasting 0.5 seconds is calculated as follows:
Average velocity = $[\frac{y_2-y_1}{t_2-t_1}]$Here, $y_2$ is the value of the function when $t=2.5$ and $y_1$ is the value of the function when $t=2$. Therefore, $y_2=60(2.5)-16(2.5)^2=45$ and $y_1=60(2)-16(2)^2=32$.The time taken is $0.5$ seconds. Average velocity = $[\frac{y_2-y_1}{t_2-t_1}]$Average velocity = $[\frac{45-32}{0.5}]$Average velocity = $[\frac{13}{0.5}]$Average velocity = $26$ ft/sNow, for the time period beginning when $t=2$ seconds and lasting(ii) 0.1 seconds. Here, $y_2$ is the value of the function when $t=2.1$ and $y_1$ is the value of the function when $t=2$. Therefore, $y_2=60(2.1)-16(2.1)^2=31.84$ and $y_1=60(2)-16(2)^2=32$.The time taken is $0.1$ seconds. Average velocity = $[\frac{y_2-y_1}{t_2-t_1}]$Average velocity = $[\frac{31.84-32}{0.1}]$Average velocity = $[-1.6]$ ft/s(iii) 0.01 seconds. Here, $y_2$ is the value of the function when $t=2.01$ and $y_1$ is the value of the function when $t=2$. Therefore, $y_2=60(2.01)-16(2.01)^2=31.9364$ and $y_1=60(2)-16(2)^2=32$.The time taken is $0.01$ seconds. Average velocity = $[\frac{y_2-y_1}{t_2-t_1}]$Average velocity = $[\frac{31.9364-32}{0.01}]$Average velocity = $[-6.36]$ ft/s
Finally based on the above results, we can guess that the instantaneous velocity of the ball is when $t=2$ is 32 ft/s. hence, Average velocity: 32 ft/s.
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When the defibrillator is in use, a potential difference of 4800 V is applied across the
person's chest.
A charge of 0.16 coulombs passes through the person's chest in 4.0 ms
Calculate the resistance of the person's chest.
If a defibrillator is in use with the given potential difference and charge in the given time, the resistance of the person's chest is 120 Ohms.
What is the resistance of the person's chest?From Ohm’s law;
V = I × R
Where V is the voltage or potential difference, potential difference, I is the current and R is the resistance.
Given that;
Potential difference v = 4800VCharge Q = 0.16CTime elapsed t = 4.0ms = ( 4/1000 )s = 0.004sResistance R = ?First, we calculate the current I.
Since current is the electric charge transferred per unit time.
I = Q/t
I = 0.16C / 0.004s
I = 40A
Now, the resistance of the person's chest will be;
V = I × R
R = V / I
R = 4800V / 40A
R = 120Ω
Therefore, If a defibrillator is in use with the given potential difference and charge in the given time, the resistance of the person's chest is 120 Ohms.
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which principle is used in mass spectrograph to estimate the mass of a charged particle
What type of group structure would be most appropriate for individuals with substance abuse?
For individuals with substance abuse, a group structure that is supportive, non-judgmental, and focused on recovery would be most appropriate. A 12-step program, such as Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous, provides a structured environment for individuals to share their experiences and receive support from others who are going through similar struggles.
Group therapy, led by a licensed therapist, can also be effective in addressing substance abuse issues by providing a safe space for individuals to explore their emotions and behaviors related to addiction. The group structure should encourage open communication and active participation, while also emphasizing confidentiality and respect for each member's journey towards recovery.
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3. Someone said, "The goal of the railroad is not to have a
better Operating Ratio, it’s to make more money." Explain how it’s
possible to make more money with a worse Operating Ratio?
While a better Operating Ratio generally indicates higher efficiency and profitability, there are circumstances where focusing on other strategic initiatives, such as infrastructure investments or pricing strategies, can result in increased revenue and ultimately lead to higher profits, even with a temporarily worse Operating Ratio.
While it may seem counterintuitive, it is indeed possible to make more money with a worse Operating Ratio in certain situations. The Operating Ratio is a financial metric used in the railroad industry to measure the efficiency of operations, calculated by dividing operating expenses by operating revenue and expressing it as a percentage. A lower Operating Ratio indicates better cost control and higher profitability.
However, there are scenarios where focusing solely on achieving a better Operating Ratio may not necessarily maximize profits. For instance, a railroad company might strategically invest in infrastructure upgrades or equipment purchases that temporarily increase operating expenses but lead to long-term revenue growth. These investments can be essential for expanding capacity, improving service quality, and attracting more customers, ultimately generating higher overall revenue despite a temporary increase in operating expenses.
Additionally, a railroad may adopt pricing strategies to maximize revenue, even if it negatively impacts the Operating Ratio. This could involve offering discounted rates or incentives to secure long-term contracts with high-volume customers, resulting in lower operating revenue per unit but ensuring a steady and predictable stream of business.
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What force is acting on a 2 kg apple falling on the Earth (g = 10)?
A. 15 N
B. 4 N
C. 5 N
D. 20 N
Answer:
D. 20 N
Explanation:
Force = mass(m) × acceleration due to gravity (g)
Force = 2kg × 10m/s²
Force = 20N
help ASAPPPPPPPPPPPPP pls
Answer:
The answer for this question is
D
when a ferromagnetic material is placed in an electromagnetic coil and a magnetic field is applied: group of answer choices (b) there is a large increase in the magnetic induction (b) (a) the magnetic induction (b) is decreased both a
When a ferromagnetic material is placed in an electromagnetic coil and a magnetic field is applied, the magnetic induction (B) is increased.
Ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, have unique properties that make them highly responsive to magnetic fields. When a ferromagnetic material is placed in an electromagnetic coil and a magnetic field is applied, several factors contribute to the increase in magnetic induction (B):Alignment of Magnetic Domains: In the absence of an external magnetic field, the magnetic domains within a ferromagnetic material are randomly oriented, resulting in a net magnetic moment of zero. However, when a magnetic field is applied, the domains align themselves in the direction of the field, leading to an increase in the overall magnetic induction.Magnetic Saturation: Ferromagnetic materials have a saturation point, beyond which further increase in the magnetic field does not significantly increase the magnetic induction. This saturation point is typically higher than that of other magnetic materials, allowing ferromagnetic materials to exhibit a larger increase in magnetic induction.Amplification of Magnetic Field: The presence of a ferromagnetic material within an electromagnetic coil enhances the magnetic field generated by the coil. This phenomenon is known as magnetic amplification or magnetic flux concentration. The ferromagnetic material acts as a magnetic conductor, guiding and intensifying the magnetic field lines, resulting in a larger magnetic induction.In contrast, option (a) stating that the magnetic induction (B) is decreased is incorrect. When a ferromagnetic material is subjected to an external magnetic field, the magnetic induction increases due to the alignment of magnetic domains and the amplification of the magnetic field.Therefore, the correct answer is:
(a) There is a large increase in the magnetic induction (B)
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Write two or three sentences to compare the conductivity of a conductor with that of a semiconductor. Explain their conductivities in terms of the electrons in each material
Conductors have a higher electron density than semiconductors which means that they have more free electrons available for conduction.
When comparing the conductivity of a conductor with that of a semiconductor, it is important to note that conductors have high conductivity while semiconductors have intermediate conductivity. Semiconductors, on the other hand, have a smaller number of free electrons and therefore a lower conductivity. The conductivity of semiconductors can be increased by adding impurities to the crystal lattice which increases the number of free electrons.
In the world of electronics, electrical conductivity is an important parameter. Electrical conductivity is the measure of the ability of a material to conduct an electric current. When comparing the conductivity of a conductor with that of a semiconductor, it is important to note that conductors have high conductivity while semiconductors have intermediate conductivity. Conductors have a higher electron density than semiconductors which means that they have more free electrons available for conduction. Semiconductors, on the other hand, have a smaller number of free electrons and therefore a lower conductivity. The conductivity of semiconductors can be increased by adding impurities to the crystal lattice which increases the number of free electrons. This process is known as doping and is a common technique used in the manufacture of semiconductors.
In conductors, the valence electrons are loosely bound to the nucleus and are therefore free to move through the material. These free electrons are responsible for the high conductivity of conductors. Semiconductors, on the other hand, have a band gap between the valence band and the conduction band. This gap is relatively small and can be bridged by applying an external voltage. This causes electrons to move from the valence band to the conduction band and results in the conduction of electricity.
The conductivity of a conductor is higher than that of a semiconductor because conductors have a higher electron density and more free electrons available for conduction. Semiconductors, on the other hand, have a smaller number of free electrons and a band gap between the valence band and the conduction band which makes them less conductive. However, the conductivity of semiconductors can be increased by doping which is a common technique used in the manufacture of semiconductors.
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Animals benefit from plants because plants provide _____.
food and oxygen
proteins and carbon dioxide
nodules and nitrogen
starch and water
I flick the rope to create a wave with a frequency of 2 Hz and a
wavelength of 6 m.
• How fast does the wave travel down the rope?
• What is the new wavelength?
• What is the wave speed?
Answer: 1. 12 MPH 2. 36m 3. 8 Hz
Explanation:
Answer:
1. 12 MPH 2. 36m 3. 8 Hz
Explanation:
For #1, I multiplied 6 by 2, For #2 I multiplied 6 by 6 and for #3 it's 8 x 2
Compare the signs of ƒ for lenses and mirrors.
Answer:
simple
Explanation:
CONCAVE MIRRORS AND LENSESf= negativeCONVEX MIRRORS AND LENSESf= positivePLEASE FOLLOW ME AND MARK IT BRAINLIESTBoth mirror and lenses have positive as well as negative focal length.
What is lense ?A lens is a transmissive optical device that employs refraction to concentrate or scatter a light beam. A simple lens is made up of a single piece of transparent material, whereas a compound lens is made up of numerous simple lenses organized along a common axis.
For lenses
A converging lens, also known as a convex lens, has a positive focal length (f > 0). It is a lens that, after passing through it, focuses parallel beams of light.
A diverging lens, commonly known as a concave lens, has a negative focal length (f 0). It is a lens that spreads parallel beams of light after they pass through it.
For mirrors
A concave mirror has a positive focal length (f > 0). It is a mirror that focuses parallel beams of light in front of it.
A convex mirror has a negative focal length (f 0). It's a mirror that spreads out parallel beams of light as though they're originating from a virtual focal point behind the mirror.
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How sun directly overhead effects climate?
Answer:
The amount of heat energy received at any location on the globe is a direct effect of Sun angle on climate, as the angle at which sunlight strikes Earth varies by location, time of day, and season due to Earth's orbit around the Sun and Earth's rotation around its tilted axis.
Answer:
The earth's climate system depends entirely on the sun for its energy. Solar radiation warms the atmosphere and is fundamental to atmospheric composition.
Explanation:
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why matric potential does not meet with pressure
potential
Matric potential does not meet with pressure potential because they represent different mechanisms affecting water movement in the soil system.
Matric potential and pressure potential are two distinct components of the total water potential in soil. Matric potential is primarily influenced by the forces of adhesion and cohesion between soil particles and water molecules, whereas pressure potential is the result of water being compressed or expanded due to external forces or hydrostatic pressure. The reason why matric potential does not meet with pressure potential is because they represent different mechanisms affecting water movement in the soil system. Matric potential is largely determined by the soil's texture, structure, and the presence of organic matter, which can increase the water-holding capacity and affect the movement of water within the soil matrix. On the other hand, pressure potential is related to gravitational forces and other external pressures acting on the water, causing it to either compress or expand.
Moreover, matric potential is typically a negative value, indicating tension in the soil water as it is held by capillary forces and surface area. Pressure potential, however, can be either positive or negative, depending on whether the water is under compression or expansion. Due to their differing natures, the two potentials do not intersect but work concurrently to determine the overall water potential in the soil. In summary, matric potential and pressure potential do not meet because they describe separate aspects of soil water dynamics, with matric potential primarily driven by forces between soil particles and water molecules, and pressure potential influenced by external forces and hydrostatic pressure.
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Refresh the simulation, and then add six protons and six electrons to make a neutral carbon atom. the Mass Number window. What's the mass number of this carbon atom?
Answer:
The mass number of this carbon atom is 12.
Explanation:
Mass number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons = 6 + 6 = 12
Brainlist pls!
Answer:
6
Explanation: