decreased o-linked glcnacylation protects from cytotoxicity mediated by huntingtin exon1 protein fragment.

Answers

Answer 1

Decreased O-linked GlcNAcylation protects from cytotoxicity mediated by huntingtin exon1 protein fragment (mHtt). This is because O-GlcNAcylation regulates the basal autophagic process, and suppression of O-GlcNAcylation increases autophagic flux by enhancing the fusion of autophagosome with lysosome. This helps in the clearance of toxic aggregates of mHtt, thereby increasing survival and suppressing the degenerative phenotypes in cellular and Huntington fly models.

O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that involves the attachment of a glucose molecule to serine or threonine residues. It is a dynamic and reversible modification that is involved in a number of cellular processes, including transcription, translation, metabolism, signal transduction, and autophagy.

Autophagy is a cellular process that involves the degradation of damaged or unnecessary cellular components. It is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing the accumulation of toxic proteins. mHtt is a protein that is associated with Huntington disease. In people with Huntington disease, mHtt can form toxic aggregates that can damage cells and lead to neurodegeneration.

Studies have shown that O-GlcNAcylation regulates the basal autophagic process. When O-GlcNAcylation is decreased, autophagic flux increases. This is because suppression of O-GlcNAcylation enhances the fusion of autophagosome with lysosome, which is a key step in the autophagic process.

The clearance of toxic aggregates of mHtt is dependent on autophagy. Therefore, by increasing autophagic flux, suppression of O-GlcNAcylation can help to protect cells from the cytotoxicity mediated by mHtt. This has been shown in both cellular and fly models of Huntington disease.

In conclusion, decreased O-linked GlcNAcylation protects from cytotoxicity mediated by huntingtin exon1 protein fragment. This is because suppression of O-GlcNAcylation increases autophagic flux, which helps to clear toxic aggregates of mHtt. This could be a potential therapeutic target for Huntington disease.

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Related Questions

A student is building a model of a parallel circuit consisting of a battery, a switch, five light bulbs, and wires. When she connects all of the
components of her model, none of the bulbs light up. Which of the following could be the problem with her model?
1 One of the bulbs is burnt
out
2One or more of the wires is not connected to the battery
3The switch isn't properly closed
4The resistance of the light bulbs prevents current from flowing through the circuit
O A 1, 2, and 4
OB 1, 2, and 3
OC. 1, 3, and 4
OD. 2, 3, and 4

Answers

Answer: D

Explanation:

It is a parrallel circuit so it would not matter if one of the bulbs were not to work.

Which of the following explain(s) why indigenous groups of Alaska do not have the expected fair skin that in Europe is adaptive at northern latitudes?
- Their skin color is adaptive because it stands out in the snow.
- They haven't inhabited the region very long in terms of geological time.
- They spend a lot of time outdoors, where the sun is bright and causes them to tan.
- Their traditional, high-fish diet provides sufficient vitamin D, making a reduction in pigmentation unnecessary.

Answers

The primary reason why indigenous groups of Alaska do not have the expected fair skin that is adaptive at northern latitudes, like in Europe, is because their traditional high-fish diet provides sufficient vitamin D, making a reduction in pigmentation unnecessary.

This diet compensates for the lack of sunlight exposure and reduces the need for lighter skin to produce adequate amounts of vitamin D.

Additionally, the amount of time these indigenous groups have inhabited the region might also play a role, but it's important to note that their skin color is not adaptive because it stands out in the snow, and spending a lot of time outdoors with bright sun might contribute to tanning, but these factors are not the primary reasons for their skin pigmentation.

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I will give brainlist if correct!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! What is the first step in the classification of living things? Organizing them into 6 domains Organizing them into 3 domains Organizing them into 6 kingdoms Organizing them into 3 kingdoms

Answers

Answer:

Pretty sure it's taxonomy? in not completely sure though

Explanation:

Question: What is the first step in the classification of living things?

Answer: Organizing them into six kingdoms. It's important to know that the kingdom is the first and most mainstream classification on the seven tiers. After that you can start organizing them downwards the chain.

Uplifting Note: Considering we may never meet again, I'll wish you a happy birthday now! Happy birthday!

Which division of the nervous system is active when you cough?

A. the somatic nervous system
B. the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
C. the autonomic nervous system
D. This action is not controlled by his nervous system.

Answers

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems are the divisions of the nervous system which are active when we cough. Thus, the correct option is B.

What are the somatic and autonomic nervous system?

The somatic nervous system of the brain consists of nerves which go out to the skin and the muscles and is involved in the conscious activities of the organism. The autonomic nervous system consists of nerves which connect the Central nervous system to the visceral organs such as the heart, the stomach, and the small and large intestines.

The brainstem or spinal cord is the structure, which is also responsible for controlling circulatory system and respiratory system and all the reflexes of the face and throat, such as coughing, sneezing, gagging, and blinking of eye.

Therefore, the correct option is B.

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) a tiger is known to chase its target at a speed of 50mph . a tiger found its prey amongst a herd of wild cattle. the tiger was a quarter of a mile behind the cow that it wanted to catch which was running in 25 mph. how long will it take the tiger to catch its prey?

Answers

Considering their distance apart, the time it will take the tiger to catch its prey is 36 seconds.

What time will it take the tiger to catch its prey?

The time will it take the tiger to catch its prey can be determined below as follows:

The two times are equal, hence, let the time it will take the tiger t.

the distance traveled by the cow = d

distance traveled by the tiger = d + 0.25 miles

Time = distance / speed

Time taken by the cow = d / 25

Time taken by the tiger = d + 0.25 / 50

equating the two times:

d / 25 = d + 0.25 / 50

25d + 6.25 = 50d

25d = 6.25

d = 0.25 miles

Distance traveled by tiger = 0.25 + 0.25

Distance traveled by tiger = 0.5 miles

Time taken by the tiger = 0.5/50

Time taken by the tiger = 0.01 hours or 36 seconds

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Blood Smear 1 Blood Smear 2
Blood Smear 3 Blood Smear 4
CASE STUDY 2
A 40-year-old male presents at the Urgent Care Clinic after being hit in the face with a baseball. The patient complains of double vision and pain in his face. Upon physical exam, you observe that the left eye is fixed in downward gaze, but the right eye moves normally. The patient’s right cheek is also very tender. You order a CT scan to determine the extent of his facial injuries. A coronal image through the orbits and sinuses is displayed.
Questions:
1. What orbital bone is fractured and what sinus is involved in this injury?
2. How could this fracture affect movement of the eye?

Answers

1. Fracture: Orbital floor of left eye. Sinus: Maxillary sinus.

2. Fracture affects eye movement by entrapment of inferior rectus muscle or nerve, limiting upward gaze and causing double vision.

1. Based on the provided information, it is likely that the patient has a fracture of the orbital floor, specifically the orbital floor of the left eye. The involvement of the left eye being fixed in downward gaze suggests a possible entrapment of the inferior rectus muscle or the inferior orbital nerve, which commonly occurs with orbital floor fractures. Additionally, the tenderness in the right cheek may indicate a possible blowout fracture, which involves the maxillary sinus.

2. The fracture of the orbital floor can affect the movement of the eye due to several reasons. Firstly, the entrapment of the inferior rectus muscle or the inferior orbital nerve can limit the normal upward movement of the affected eye, resulting in a fixed downward gaze as observed in the patient. This restriction can lead to double vision (also known as diplopia) when the eyes are not properly aligned.

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OSHA covers private, public, and governmental workplaces to ensure that safety standards and
practices are met.

True
False

Answers

Answer:

True.

Explanation:

I am a nerd.

Answer:

TRU

Explanation:

Exposure to toxins can affect a cell's homeostasis and energy production. Cells exposed to toxins will most likely-

Answers

Answer:

When toxins damage your enzymes, they prevent the production of hemoglobin in your blood, which can accelerate aging. It also can lead to the failure of energy production and lower your protection against oxidated stress. Failure of these normal body functions increases your risk of diseases like: Cancer.

Explanation:

Toxins modify gene expression. Our genes switch off and on to adapt to changes in our bodies and the outer environment. But many toxins activate or suppress our genes in undesirable ways. Toxins damage cell membranes so they don't respond properly.

for a signal to travel from a neuron across a synapse and stimulate a response, the postsynaptic target cell must

Answers

For a signal to travel from a neuron across a synapse and stimulate a response, the postsynaptic target cell must have receptors for the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron.

These receptors bind to the neurotransmitter, triggering a series of chemical reactions within the postsynaptic cell that ultimately lead to the desired response. Additionally, the postsynaptic cell must be able to generate an action potential if the combined signal from multiple synapses is strong enough to reach the threshold for firing.

For a signal to travel from a neuron across a synapse and stimulate a response, the postsynaptic target cell must receive and integrate the neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic neuron, leading to a change in its membrane potential. This process may result in either excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic cell, ultimately determining whether or not an action potential is generated.

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(Please explain the correct answer-- I picked letter A)
The highest surface wind speeds occur when there is a:

A) 4 millibar air pressure difference between 2 nearby locations
B) 4 millibar air pressure difference between 2 distant locations
C) 20 millibar air pressure difference between 2 nearby locations
D) 20 millibar air pressure difference between 2 distant locations

Answers

answer should be C .

Change that leads to maturity in living things is called

Answers

Answer:

DEVELOPMENT

Explanation:

Development is a series of orderly changes by which a living thing comes into maturity

The ans is Development

Hardwired characteristics of the brain that attempt to keep us in balance by correcting deficiencies are referred to as:

Answers

Hardwired characteristics of the brain that attempt to keep us in balance by correcting deficiencies are referred to as homeostatic mechanisms.

Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

In the context of the brain, homeostatic mechanisms involve various processes that regulate physiological functions and maintain optimal levels of essential substances.

These mechanisms can include feedback loops that detect imbalances and initiate corrective actions.

For example, if there is a deficiency in a particular nutrient or hormone, the brain may activate mechanisms to increase its production, decrease its consumption, or enhance its absorption from the environment.

Homeostatic mechanisms play a crucial role in ensuring the body's overall stability and functioning, helping to maintain proper levels of various substances and promoting overall well-being.

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Describe how natural selection impacts the evolution of organisms

Answers

Answer:  

Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. Natural selection can lead to speciation, where one species gives rise to a new and distinctly different species. It is one of the processes that drives evolution and helps to explain the diversity of life on Earth.

Explanation: I hope this is right?

What is the difference between monotremes marsupials and placental mammals?

Answers

Here is your answer......

Explanation:

Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs. Monotremes are warm blooded with a fast metabolism. They have hairy bodies to keep warm.

Marsupials are mammals that give birth to live young.  These mammals have a pouch where their young grow and develop. Marsupials are hairy, warm blooded, and produce milk. One of the biggest differences between marsupials and placental mammals is that marsupials give birth quite early and rely less on the nourishment of the placenta. Some examples of marsupials are kangaroo and opossums.

Placental mammals are mammals that give birth to fully developed live young.  They differ from marsupials in that the baby spend more time being nourished in-utero by the placenta. These mammals are hairy and warm blooded as well. Some examples are mice, rats, and bats

Hope it helps.....

What type of crustal collision led to the formation of the Andes Mountains? A. oceanic crust to oceanic crust collision B. oceanic crust to continental crust collision C. mantle to core collision D. continental crust to mantle collision​

Answers

Answer:

B

Explanation: Oceaninc to continental as the oceanic crust subducted under the continental

Oceanic crust to continental crust collision led to the formation of the Andes Mountains. Therefore, the correct option is B.

The collision between the oceanic Nazca Plate and the continental South American Plate was the primary reason for the development of the Andes Mountains. The collision of oceanic crust with continental crust occurs when oceanic crust subducts under continental crust. The subduction of oceanic crust beneath continental crust resulted in the uplift and formation of the Andes Mountains through volcanic activity and crustal deformation.

Therefore, the correct option is B.

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22. Highlight the correct answer of each underlined pair. UV radiation has shorter longer
wavelengths and
lower/higher energy than visible light and infrared radiation.

Answers

Answer:

shorter and higher

Explanation:

UV  is further along in the EM spectrum so has a higher frequency and shorter wavelengths than visible light.

Help it's 7th grade science

Help it's 7th grade science

Answers

Answer:

general practitioner

Explanation:

A nephrologist generally sees patients who are referred by their primary care physicians or general physicians for problems related to the kidneys

Why are liver cells a example of slow rate division

Answers

liver cell will divide slowly if the part of the liver remove cells, liver cells continues until to divide until the liver reaches its former size

SOMEONE PLEASE HELP ME!! THANK YOU!
Ignore the draw arrow thing :)

SOMEONE PLEASE HELP ME!! THANK YOU! Ignore the draw arrow thing :)

Answers

The corn syrup is mostly sugar. It has a lower concentration of water. A small amount of water moved into the egg because the distilled water had a slightly lower concentration of solute molecules than inside the egg. The size of the egg changed to small, due to corn syrup being hypotonic.

please help!!
I WILL MARK BRAINLIEST!!!!​

please help!! I WILL MARK BRAINLIEST!!!!

Answers

Answer:

1.A

2.C

3.D

4.C

5.A

Explanation:

1.There are some characteristics that are inherited from your parents, shape of blood cells is one of them. In sexual reproduction, offspring are formed when sperm of male combine with egg of female organism.Therefore, some characteristics comes from male organism and some from female organism. In sexual reproduction, diploid organism is formed because half of genes comes from male and half comes from female.

2.Heredity, also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents

3.A monk, Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his monastery's garden. His experiments showed that the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows particular patterns, subsequently becoming the foundation of modern genetics and leading to the study of heredit

4.Mendel made sure to study 30,00 pea plants when he presented his data to the community. Another example is when Mendel painstakingly removed all of the immature anthers from the plant’s flowers before the cross.Mendel used seven pea plant traits in his experiments which include flower color (purple or white), flower position (axil or terminal), stem length (long or short), seed shape (round or wrinkled), seed color (yellow or green), pod shape (inflated or constricted), and pod color (yellow or green).

5.A pea plant could have a copy of the height gene that coded for "tall" and a copy of the same gene that coded for "short." But the tall allele is "dominant," meaning that a tall-short allele combination would result in a tall plant

how did Darwins voyage on the beagle give him an advantage over his fellow naturalists at home?

Answers

Answer:

During the long voyage, Darwin made many observations that helped him form his theory of evolution. For example: He visited tropical rainforests and other new habitats where he saw many plants and animals he had never seen before (see Figure below). This impressed him with the great diversity of life

Explanation:

: )

What is a nucleotide?

A monomer made of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

A polymer made of DNA and RNA

None of the other answer choices

A monomer made of a adenosine triphosphate, a phosphate, and a sugar

Answers

A polymer made of DNA and RNA

How many carbons are found in a glucose molecule?

Answers

Answer:

there are six carbon atoms

Answer:

there are six carbon atoms

Which of the following cell organelles is thought to have once lived as a free-living
cell with it's own DNA?
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Viruses
Ribosomes

Answers

Answer:

Ribosomes here is your answer

Which theory suggests that the moon and the earth formed at the same time from dust from the solar nebula that formed the Sun?

Answers

Answer:

co-formation theory    

During anaphase, part of the _____________ can be seen attached to the centromere of each sister chromatid as they separate.

Answers

mitotic spindle is the answer

During anaphase mitotic spindle is attached at the centromere of each sister chromatid because it attaches the chromosome to the opposite spindle pole.

What is the mitotic spindle?

Protein complexes connect microtubules to the chromosomal midpoint (the centromere) (kinetochores). The connected microtubules depolymerize and shorten, causing movement that pushes chromosomes toward centrosomes situated at either pole of the cell.

The mitotic spindle is a structure that separates the chromosomes. The mitotic spindle is composed of multiple long proteins known as microtubules that are connected to a chromosome at one end and to the cell pole at the other.

The anaphase stage in the cell cycle prepares to spare sister chromatids reday for moves it toward the opposite spindle pole.

Therefore mitotic spindle is seen centromere of each sister chromatid as they separate and move toward the spindle pole.

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I really need help on this, the best one I’ll give the brainlyest answer to.


1. The cell cycle includes the following steps ____, ______, and ____

2. Mitosis includes these
steps in the following order: ______, ________ and ______

3. Why can't a cell grow forever?

4. In cells the ______ ______ increases four times faster than the _______.

5. Label the chromosome in the picture shown

I really need help on this, the best one Ill give the brainlyest answer to. 1. The cell cycle includes

Answers

Answer:

prophase anaphase teraphase

Which of the following is a way of storing carbon in organic material?

A. Consumption
B. Respiration
C. Burning fossil fuels
D. All of these

Answers

A way of storing carbon in organic material is Burning fossil fuels or D all of these

The ways of sorting carbon in organic material is consumption, respiration, and fuel burning. The correct option is D.

What is organic material?

Organic matter, also known as organic material or natural organic matter, is a massive source of carbon-based compounds detected in natural and engineered, terrestrial and aquatic environments.

There can be several ways to store carbon including consumption, respiration, and burning fossil fuel, etc.

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four primary types of organic compound present in all living things.

Organic compounds are crucial because carbon is found in all living organisms. They are the essential parts of many of the Earth's cycles.

The carbon cycle, for example, encompasses the exchange of carbon between plants and animals during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Thus, the correct option is D.

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cell division that reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid, reduction division
A Mitosis
B Meiosis
C Amitosis
D Fision

Answers

Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid.

What do you mean by meiosis?

Meiosis, also called reduction division, division of a germ cell involving two fissions of the nucleus and giving rise to four gametes, or sex cells, each possessing half the number of chromosomes of the original cell.

The process of meiosis is characteristic of organisms that reproduce sexually. Such species have in the nucleus of each cell a diploid (double) set of chromosomes, consisting of two haploid sets (one inherited from each parent). These haploid sets are homologous—i.e., they contain the same kinds of genes, but not necessarily in the same form.

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Meiosis is the division of a cell that reduces the number of chromosomes from a diploid (2n) state to a haploid (n) state.

What is diploid?

Diploid is a term used in genetics to refer to a cell or organism that has two sets of chromosomes. In humans, the diploid number of chromosomes is 46, which is two sets of 23. This means that any human cell contains two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. Diploid cells are found in multicellular organisms, and are the most common form of cells in the human body. Diploidy is important for genetic diversity, as it allows for the exchange of genetic material between the two sets of chromosomes. This helps create genetic variation, which is necessary for evolution to occur.

This occurs in sex cells during the process of gamete formation, and is essential for sexual reproduction. During meiosis, two consecutive nuclear divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II) reduce the number of chromosomes by half. This process also involves cell division, which results in four haploid daughter cells. Each daughter cell contains one set of chromosomes, which is a combination of the maternal and paternal chromosomes of the original cell.

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Please help !!! (Will mark as brainlist) (Punnett Problems) fill in the blanks

Please help !!! (Will mark as brainlist) (Punnett Problems) fill in the blanks

Answers

Explanation:

cross: FF X Ff

off spring look like: FF,Ff

All of the genotype will be: FF,Ff,FF,Ff

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