describe the overall change in size of the toe of a house over 55 million years​

Answer: The limiting reactant will be used up first, meaning the reaction can no longer occur with only the excess reactant.

Explanation:

In a reaction the reactant which determines the yield of the reaction is called limiting reactant. Whereas, the reactant which is excess in amount does not itself lead the reaction after the limiting reactant is consumed.

In a reaction, the yield of the product depends on the number of moles of reactants. The reactants which is not sufficient in amount is determining the yield because as soon as this reactant is consumed, the production stopes.

The excess reactant on the other hand is excess in amount which can't lead the reaction alone after the consumption of the limiting reactant. Hence, we don't have to worry on the excess reactant.

The limiting reactant of a reaction can be determined  by calculating the number of moles of each reactants participating in it.

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The refrigerator would use 180 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electric energy over the course of 30 days, assuming it runs for 12 hours each day.

To calculate the kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electric energy used by the refrigerator in 30 days, we need to multiply the power rating by the total running time.

Given:

Power rating of the refrigerator = 500 W

Running time per day = 12 hours

Number of days = 30

First, we need to convert the power rating from watts to kilowatts:

Power rating = 500 W / 1000 = 0.5 kW

Next, we calculate the total energy used in kilowatt-hours (kWh) over the 30-day period:

Energy used = Power rating × Running time × Number of days

Energy used = 0.5 kW × 12 hours/day × 30 days

Energy used = 180 kWh

Therefore, the refrigerator would use 180 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electric energy over the course of 30 days, assuming it runs for 12 hours each day.

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Substances with weak intermolecular forces will have higher vapor pressure

Vapor pressure is the measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous or vapor state, and it increases with temperature. So, the temperature at which the vapor pressure at the surface of a liquid becomes equal to the pressure exerted by the surroundings is called the boiling point of the liquid. Or we can simply say that the when a liquid is boiling its vapor pressure is equal to the external pressure.

In the above given case we are comparing the intermolecular forces and understanding the concept of vapor pressure. So, vapor pressure of liquid is said to be  inversely proportional to the intermolecular forces between the atoms of the liquid. This relation means that if the liquid has stronger intermolecular forces than the rate of evaporation of liquid will be very low and hence it causes lower vapor pressure.

But whereas if the  intermolecular forces are weaker then the rate of evaporation of the liquid will be high and therefore it vaporizes fast which results in higher vapor pressure.

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The standard enthalpy change for the reaction 2H2O (l) → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) is -873.6 kJ/mol.

The standard enthalpy change (ΔH°) for a reaction is the enthalpy change when all reactants and products are in their standard states (at 1 atm pressure and a specified temperature, usually 25°C).

The standard enthalpy change for the reaction 2H2O (l) → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) can be calculated using the standard heats of formation of the reactants and products as follows:

ΔH°rxn = [ΔH°f (H2O, l) x 2] + [ΔH°f (H2, g) x 2] + ΔH°f (O2, g)

ΔH°rxn = [-285.8 kJ/mol x 2] + [-241.8 kJ/mol x 2] + 0 kJ/mol

ΔH°rxn = -873.6 kJ/mol

Therefore, the standard enthalpy change for the reaction 2H2O (l) → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) is -873.6 kJ/mol.

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The magnitude of the force acting on the body is 4000 Newtons.

To find the magnitude of the force, we can use Newton's second law of motion, which states that the force applied to an object is equal to the product of its mass and acceleration.

The given information includes the mass of the body (80 kg) and the resulting velocity (10 m/s). However, since the time duration (0.2 seconds) is also provided, we can use it to calculate the acceleration of the body.

The formula to calculate acceleration is:

Acceleration = Change in Velocity / Time

The change in velocity can be calculated by subtracting the initial velocity (which is 0 m/s as the body is at rest) from the final velocity:

Change in Velocity = Final Velocity - Initial Velocity

Change in Velocity = 10 m/s - 0 m/s

Change in Velocity = 10 m/s

Now, we can calculate the acceleration:

Acceleration = Change in Velocity / Time

Acceleration = 10 m/s / 0.2 s

Acceleration = 50 m/s²

Finally, we can calculate the magnitude of the force using Newton's second law:

Force = Mass x Acceleration

Force = 80 kg x 50 m/s²

Force = 4000 N

Therefore, the magnitude of the force acting on the body is 4000 Newtons.

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The properties of compounds depend on their structure.

When 2 or more atoms link up, they create a molecule. And we can say that a collection of molecules is called a compound.

Matter on Earth is in the form of solid, liquid, or gas. Solids, liquids, and gases are made of tiny particles called atoms and molecules.

Answer: B. Matter

Answer:

Gas molecules move at random with no attractive forces between them.

Explanation:

Kinetic-molecular theory is based on the following postulates, or assumptions.

Gases are composed of a large number of particles that behave like hard, spherical objects in a state of constant, random motion.

These particles move in a straight line until they collide with another particle or the walls of the container.

These particles are much smaller than the distance between particles. Most of the volume of a gas is therefore empty space.

There is no force of attraction between gas particles or between the particles and the walls of the container.

Collisions between gas particles or collisions with the walls of the container are perfectly elastic. None of the energy of a gas particle is lost when it collides with another particle or with the walls of the container.

The average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles depends on the temperature of the gas and nothing else.

Answer:

2 A

Explanation:

The power flowing in a circuit is given by;

P= I^2 R

Where;

I= current = the unknown

R= resistance= 4 ohms

P= power=16 W

I= √P/R

I= √16/4

I= 2 A

A pool fire is the most common type of fire that can occur from atmospheric pressure storage tanks storing flammable liquids. To prevent fires, it is important to follow safety standards and handle the flammable liquid carefully. This will help ensure the safety of workers, the public, and the environment.

Flammable liquids are substances that can ignite and burn easily. They are commonly used in industrial processes and transportation, and are often stored in atmospheric pressure storage tanks. These tanks are designed to maintain the liquid at a constant pressure and temperature, but they can also pose a fire hazard if not handled properly.

There are different types of fires that can occur from atmospheric pressure storage tanks storing flammable liquids, depending on the specific characteristics of the liquid and the tank. However, the most common type of fire is a pool fire, which occurs when a flammable liquid spills and forms a pool on the ground or a surface.

Pool fires can be very dangerous because they can spread quickly and generate intense heat and flames. The heat from the fire can cause the tank to rupture, which can release more flammable liquid and make the fire even worse. In addition, pool fires can produce toxic fumes and smoke, which can be harmful to human health and the environment.

To prevent fires from atmospheric pressure storage tanks, it is important to store the flammable liquid in tanks that are designed and maintained according to safety standards. This includes ensuring that the tank is properly grounded to prevent static electricity, and that it is equipped with safety features such as pressure relief valves and flame arrestors. It is also important to handle the flammable liquid carefully, and to train workers on the proper procedures for handling, storing, and transporting it.

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The relationship between pressure and volume of a gas is Inverse, so that as volume decreases, pressure increases. The relationship between pressure and volume of a gas is called the Boyle's Law.

According to this law, at a constant temperature and amount of gas, the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional to each other i.e. PV = K where P is the pressure, V is the volume, and K is a constant. So, as the volume of a gas decreases, the pressure increases, and as the volume of a gas increases, the pressure decreases.

This can be explained by the fact that as the volume decreases, the molecules of gas are compressed into a smaller space, which causes them to collide more frequently with each other and the walls of the container. This increase in collisions results in an increase in pressure. Conversely, as the volume increases, the molecules of gas have more space to move around and collide less frequently, resulting in a decrease in pressure.

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The wavelength of a photon if the energy is 7.69 × 10⁻¹⁹ J is

Calculation,

Given energy = 7.69 × 10⁻¹⁹ J

Plank's constant =  6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J.s

Formula used:

E = hv

v = c/ lemda

Where, c = speed of light =

lamda = wavelength of the photon

Putting the value of v in equation (i), and rearrange the equation.

E = hc/lemda =  6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J×3\(10^{8}\)/lemda =  7.69 × 10⁻¹⁹ J.s

lamda = 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴J×3\(10^{8}\) m\(s^{-1}\)/7.69 × 10⁻¹⁹J.s = 2.58× \(10^{-9}\)m =2.58 nm

So, wavelength of a photon is 2.58 nm

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Equation 4 is given as:pH = pKa + log ([A-]/[HA])Where pH is the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration and pKa is the negative log of the acid dissociation constant. [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base and [HA] is the concentration of the acid.

Using equation 4, the buffer capacity of water can be calculated using the following formula:

β = dC/dpH

where β is the buffer capacity, dC is the change in concentration of the acid or the base, and dpH is the change in pH per unit concentration.

To calculate the buffer capacity of water, we need to know the acid dissociation constant (Ka) of water. The Ka of water is 1.0 x 10-14 M at 25°C.

Therefore, the pKa of water is 14.0 at 25°C.We can assume that the concentration of water is constant, so the change in concentration of water (dC) is zero. Therefore,β = dC/dpH = 0/dpH = 0The buffer capacity of water is zero because water cannot act as a buffer since it is a neutral substance with no acid or base properties.Showing the work for Answer 14:β = dC/dpHwhere dC = 0 (since the concentration of water is constant) and dpH = 1Therefore,β = 0/1 = 0M/pHThe buffer capacity of water is zero M/pH.

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The ion with a mass number of 65, with 36 neutrons and a charge of +1 is Copper (Cu). It has 29 protons and 28 electrons.

An ion is a charged particle formed when an atom loses or gains electrons. When electrons are lost, a negatively charged anion is formed, electrons are gained. a positively charged cation is formed.

The ion in the question has a mass number of 65. This means that the total number of protons and neutrons is 65. To get the number of protons, we subtract the number of neutrons from the mass number. That will give us 29 protons.

From the number of protons, we can identify the element symbol. The number of protons equal to the atomic number. Hence, the ion has an atomic number of 29. On the periodic table, the element with an atomic number of 29 is Copper (Cu). It also has a charge of +1, meaning that it has given out one electron. Therefore, it will have 28 electrons instead of 29.

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To raise the temperature of a 10.35g sample of carbon tetrachloride from 32.1°c to 56.4°c, 222.92J heat is required.

Heat is a form of energy and it is associated with the motion of particles. The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance depends on its mass, the specific heat capacity of the substance and the change in temperature.

The mass of carbon tetrachloride is given as 10.35g. The specific heat capacity of carbon tetrachloride is given as 0.85651 J/g°C and the change in temperature is given as 24.3°C. Putting these values into the formula: q = m × C × ΔTq = 10.35 g × 0.85651 J/g°C × 24.3°Cq = 222.92 J. Therefore, 222.92 Joules of heat are required to raise the temperature of a 10.35g sample of carbon tetrachloride from 32.1°c to 56.4°c.

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The net ionic equation for the reaction between SnSO₄ and NaOH is:

We'll begin by writing the dissociation equation for SnSO₄ and NaOH.

SnSO₄(aq) —> Sn²⁺(aq) + SO₄²¯(aq)

NaOH(aq) —> Na⁺(aq) + OH¯(aq)

In solution, the reaction will proceed as follow:

SnSO₄(aq) + NaOH(aq) —>

Sn²⁺(aq) + SO₄²¯(aq) + Na⁺(aq) + OH¯(aq) —> Sn(OH)₂(s) + Na⁺(aq) + SO₄²¯(aq)

Cancel the spectator ions (i.e Na⁺ and SO₄²¯) and write 2 before OH¯ to obtain the net ionic equation.

Sn²⁺(aq) + 2OH¯(aq) —> Sn(OH)₂(s)

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Answer: For a solution treated aluminum alloy, the aging needed to achieve a yield strength of 400 MPa would be 20 minutes.

What is solution heat treatment?

Solution heat treatment is a procedure used to dissolve a metal's alloying components in a solid solution. Solution heat treatment is used in the production of a homogeneous, single-phase microstructure that is free of precipitates or undissolved alloying components.

It is also known as homogenization in the metallurgical industry. The procedure generally involves heating the metal to a high temperature for an extended period of time, followed by rapid quenching or cooling to room temperature to freeze the solid solution in place.

What is the aging of alloys?

Aging of alloys is a post-heat treatment procedure in which an alloy is heated at a certain temperature and held for a certain length of time to promote the formation of precipitates in the metal.

This is the final heat treatment in the production of many metal alloys, and it can help to boost their strength and toughness by allowing the formation of a highly ordered and dispersed precipitate structure that resists dislocation movement and grain boundary migration. Precipitation hardening is another name for aging.



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There are approximately 0.078 moles of HCl in 47.3 mL of a 1.65 M HCl solution.

To determine the number of moles of HCl in a solution, we need to use the equation:moles of solute = concentration of solution x volume of solutionIn this case, we are given the concentration of the HCl solution as 1.65 M (moles per liter), and the volume of the solution as 47.3 mL (milliliters). However, the volume needs to be converted to liters for the calculation to work properly.1 mL = 0.001 L (since there are 1000 mL in 1 L)Therefore, the volume of the solution in liters is:47.3 mL x (1 L/1000 mL) = 0.0473 L.

Now we can plug the values into the equation:moles of HCl = concentration of solution x volume of solutionmoles of HCl = 1.65 M x 0.0473 Lmoles of HCl = 0.077945 molesSo there are approximately 0.078 moles of HCl in 47.3 mL of a 1.65 M HCl solution.

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The heat of vaporization of benzaldehyde is 115.9 kJ/mol.

The heat or heat of vaporization, or simply the standard enthalpy change of heating, ΔᵥHᵒ, is the energy required to convert a given quantity of matter into a gas.

To calculate this, we use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation:
ln(P₂/P₁) = -ΔᵥHᵒ/R(1/T₁ - 1/T₂)

Where P₁ and P₂ are the vapor pressures at temperatures T₁ and T₂ respectively, and ΔᵥHᵒ is the heat of vaporization.
Plugging in the values from the question:

ln(567/14) = -ΔᵥHᵒ/R(1/345 - 1/441)

Rearranging to calculate ΔᵥHᵒ:

ΔᵥHᵒ = -R(1/345 - 1/441)ln(567/14)

Given R = 8.314 J/mol K

ΔᵥHᵒ = 115.9 kJ/mol.

So, the heat of vaporization of benzaldehyde is 115.9 kJ/mol.

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Answer:

A

Explanation:

as something is heated, it gains kinetic energy

Answer:

Fe

Explanation:

Answer:

single covalent bond

Explanation:

The bond formed between two atoms each sharing one electron is called single covalent bond

The figure 1 is the structure of diamond. The type of bond in diamond is covalent sp³ bond. DIamond exists in hexagonal arrangement of carbon atoms.

Allotropes are substances formed from a single elements with different number in various size and shape. Carbon exhibit catenation property which means it can forms chains with other carbon in any large number.

The allotropes of carbon are diamond, graphene and fullerene. Diamond is hexagonal arrangement of carbons atom bonded covalently in sp³ hybridisation.

In graphene as shown in the second figure, bonded carbons atoms are arranged as layers where carbon is in sp²hybridisation. In the case of fullerenes, there are both hexagonal and pentagonal rings adjacent to each and are formed by 60-70 carbons.

In all these allotropes, the bond type between two carbons atoms is covalent. Covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons between the two atoms.

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By analyzing the graph the conclusion that can be derived about the location of an electron in a hydrogen atom that is in the ground state is that the greatest probability of locating electron is at a distance of one Bohr radius from the nucleus.

Generally the Bohr radius is described as a physical constant that is used to represent the most probable distance between the electron and nucleus of a hydrogen atom at its ground state (which is the lowest energy level). The constant's value of Bohr radius is symbolized as a₀, and its value is approximately 5.29177210903(80) x 10⁻¹¹ meters (m).

Hence, the greatest probability of locating electron is at a distance of one Bohr radius from the nucleus.

The graph is given is the image attached below.

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Answer:

A través del Experimento de Rutherford.

Explanation:

El experimento de la lámina de oro fue realizado en 1909 por Ernest Marsden y Hans Geiger bajo el liderazgo de Ernest Rutherford. En este experimento, se bombardeó una lámina de oro con partículas alfa y se detectó su dispersión. Se encontró que una pequeña proporción de las partículas regresan cerca de la fuente. Estos resultados fueron la base para el lanzamiento de un nuevo modelo atómico con un núcleo central cargado positivamente y con electrones cargados negativamente con pequeñas masas en relación con el núcleo y distribuidos a su alrededor.

The given statement "When a scientific theory has been tested and proved by the scientific community, it becomes a law" is false because a scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is based on empirical observation, testing, and experimentation.

It is a widely accepted explanation that has been repeatedly tested and validated by multiple researchers in the scientific community over time. A scientific theory is never conclusively proven, but it is constantly tested and modified as new evidence and data emerge over time. In other words, a scientific theory is a comprehensive explanation of an observed phenomenon that has not been disproven or invalidated by testing or experimentation.

A scientific law, on the other hand, is a concise statement that describes a fundamental principle of nature that has been consistently observed to be true in every observed instance. A scientific law is a mathematical statement that accurately predicts a natural phenomenon based on empirical observations and data. Scientific laws are also considered to be widely accepted, but unlike scientific theories, they do not attempt to explain the underlying mechanisms or causes of natural phenomena.

To summarize, a scientific theory and a scientific law are not the same thing. A scientific theory is an explanation of a natural phenomenon that has been tested and validated over time, while a scientific law is a concise statement that describes a fundamental principle of nature that has been consistently observed to be true.

Therefore, when a scientific theory has been tested and proved by the scientific community, it does not become a law, as they are two different concepts with different meanings.

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Bond formation is the way in which atoms interact to form compounds.

Bond formation is the way in which atoms interact to form compounds. The following are the kind of bonds formed by the atoms;

C and AI - ionic bond

N and P - covalent bond

N and O - covalent bond

The bonds in each of the lattices are;

CuO - ionic bond

Hg - metallic bond

P2O5 - covalent bond

P - covalent bond

CaCl2 - ionic bond

The following is a depiction of the processes shown;

Na0 →Na+1 - oxidation

P0→P+5  - oxidation

AI+3 → AI0 - reduction

The balanced reaction equations are;

2H2O + F2 → 2HF + O2

SO2 + 3H2 → H2S + 2H2O

2H2SO4 + C → 2SO2+CO2+2H2O

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