ding, j.; das, k.; moereels, h.; koymans, l.; andries, k.; et al.structure of hiv-1 rt/tibo r 86183 complex reveals similarityin the binding of diverse nonnucleoside inhibitors.nat. struct.biol.1995,2, 407-415
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NNRTIs from a variety of subclasses were discovered to display extremely similar binding modes in the hydrophobic cavity of the HIV-1 RT non-catalytic site, despite variations in their scaffolds and inhibitors' modes of inhibition. The study's findings may aid in the design of more effective NNRTIs for HIV-1 RT inhibition.
The paper discusses the investigation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) bound to the TIBO (Tetrahydroimidazo [4,5,1-jk][1,4]benzodiazepin-2 (1H) -one and -thione) derivative R86183 at a 2.8-Å resolution through X-ray crystallography.
The goal of this study was to investigate how a variety of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) with a similar scaffold and distinct modes of inhibition interact with HIV-1 RT.
The authors discovered that the overall binding site for diverse NNRTIs and RT-inhibitor complexes was largely similar, with minor structural variations.
In contrast to nucleoside RT inhibitors, the inhibitors discovered do not bind to the HIV-1 RT catalytic site but rather bind to a hydrophobic cavity near the polymerase active site.
R86183's hydrophobic and polar moieties interact with specific residues near the hydrophobic cavity, and the crystallographic outcomes suggest that other NNRTIs also interact with those residues and not the residues in the polymerase active site.
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A predesigned combination of formats, such as font size and color, is called a cell default, True or False?
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A predesigned combination of formats, such as font size and colour, is called a cell style. The statement is False. Cell defaults refer to the default settings for a cell, such as its width and height.
In in-depth detail, a cell style is a pre-defined set of formatting options that can be applied to a cell or range of cells in a spreadsheet. Cell styles include formatting options such as font type, font size, font colour, cell borders, and background colours. By applying a cell style, users can quickly and easily format cells to match a specific design or layout.
This can save time and ensure consistency across multiple worksheets or workbooks. Cell styles can also be customized and saved for future use. In summary, a cell style is a powerful tool in spreadsheet software that enables users to apply pre-designed formatting options to cells in an efficient and consistent manner.
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what are 3 types of maple sap trees and why are they important?
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1. Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum): Sugar maple is one of the most common and economically important species used for maple syrup production. Its sap has a high sugar content, making it ideal for syrup production. Sugar maple trees are also valued for their wood, which is used in furniture making and flooring.
2. Red Maple (Acer rubrum): Red maple trees are widespread throughout North America and are known for their vibrant red foliage in the fall. While the sugar content of red maple sap is lower compared to sugar maple, it can still be used to produce maple syrup. Red maple trees are also valued for their ornamental beauty in landscaping.
3. Black Maple (Acer nigrum): Black maple is closely related to sugar maple and is found primarily in the eastern parts of North America. Its sap has a sugar content similar to that of sugar maple, making it suitable for maple syrup production. Black maple trees are important for syrup production and can be tapped alongside sugar maple trees.
Why are they important?
1. Maple Syrup Production: These maple sap trees, particularly sugar maple and black maple, are essential for maple syrup production. The sap collected from these trees is processed to produce maple syrup, a sweet and versatile natural sweetener enjoyed worldwide. Maple syrup production contributes to local economies and cultural traditions, and it is highly valued for its unique flavor and nutritional properties.
2. Ecological Significance: Maple sap trees, including sugar maple, red maple, and black maple, play important roles in forest ecosystems. They provide habitat and food sources for various wildlife species, including birds, mammals, and insects. The trees contribute to biodiversity and help maintain a healthy and balanced ecosystem.
3. Landscape and Aesthetic Value: Maple sap trees, particularly red maple, are valued for their aesthetic beauty, especially during the autumn season when their leaves turn vibrant shades of red, orange, and yellow. These trees enhance the visual appeal of landscapes, parks, and residential areas, contributing to the overall quality of life and enjoyment of natural surroundings.
Overall, maple sap trees are important for their economic, ecological, and aesthetic significance, playing a vital role in maple syrup production, supporting biodiversity, and enhancing the beauty of landscapes.
1. Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum): Sugar maple trees are highly valued for their sap, which is rich in sugar content. They are the primary source of sap for maple syrup production. The sap of sugar maple trees has a high sugar concentration, making it ideal for syrup production. These trees are important because they contribute significantly to the maple syrup industry, providing a natural and delicious sweetener.
2. Red Maple (Acer rubrum): Red maple trees also produce sap that can be used to make maple syrup, although their sap has a lower sugar content compared to sugar maple trees. Red maple trees are important because they provide an additional source of sap for maple syrup production, allowing for a diverse range of flavors and characteristics in the syrup.
3. Black Maple (Acer nigrum): Black maple trees produce sap that is similar to sugar maple trees in terms of sugar content. They are often used in conjunction with sugar maple trees for maple syrup production. Black maple trees are important because they contribute to the availability and diversity of sap sources for syrup production, adding unique flavors and qualities to the final product.
Overall, these three types of maple sap trees are important because they provide the raw material for maple syrup production, a popular and cherished natural sweetener. They contribute to the economy, cultural traditions, and enjoyment of maple syrup worldwide.
a single stranded dna (oligonucleotides) can hybridize with (select one): select one: a. complementary dna b. complementary rna c. complementary protein d. a and b
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A single stranded DNA (oligonucleotides) can hybridize with complementary RNA.
What is oligonucleotides?
Short DNA or RNA molecules called oligonucleotides have several uses in forensic science, genetic research, and testing. These tiny pieces of nucleic acids, which are frequently produced in the lab by solid-phase chemical synthesis and can be produced as single-stranded molecules with any user-specified sequence, are essential for artificial gene synthesis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, molecular cloning, and the use of molecular probes. Ordinarily, oligonucleotides can be found in nature as small RNA molecules that control the expression of genes or as intermediates in the decay of bigger nucleic acid molecules.
Antisense oligonucleotides are single-stranded DNA sequences that bind to complementary locations in mRNAs and prevent translation by encouraging RNase H to cleave the RNA strand in mRNA-DNA hybrids. They are typically 15 to 25 nucleotides in length.
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Unlike eutherians, monotremes and marsupials both use mammary glands to produce milk for their young. have some embryonic development outside the uterus. possess hair on their bodies. are endothermic.
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Monotremes and marsupials, unlike eutherians, share several characteristics such as using mammary glands to produce milk, having embryonic development outside the uterus, possessing hair on their bodies, and being endothermic.
Monotremes and marsupials are unique groups of mammals that exhibit distinct reproductive and physiological characteristics compared to eutherians (placental mammals). One common characteristic is the use of mammary glands to produce milk for their young. Monotremes, such as the platypus and echidnas, have mammary glands that secrete milk, which is then fed to their offspring.
Similarly, marsupials, like kangaroos and koalas, have mammary glands and pouches where their underdeveloped young, called joeys, are nurtured and continue their development.
Another shared characteristic is their method of embryonic development. Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials experience some portion of their embryonic development outside the uterus. Monotremes lay eggs, and the eggs are incubated externally until hatching. Marsupials give birth to relatively undeveloped offspring, which then crawl into the mother's pouch, where they attach to a nipple and continue their growth and development.
Additionally, both monotremes and marsupials possess hair on their bodies. Hair serves various functions, including insulation, protection, and sensory perception. This feature is common to all mammals and contributes to their ability to regulate body temperature, which leads us to the final shared characteristic: endothermy. Monotremes and marsupials are endothermic, meaning they can generate and maintain their body heat, enabling them to survive in a wide range of environments.
In summary, monotremes and marsupials demonstrate similar characteristics, such as utilizing mammary glands for milk production, experiencing embryonic development outside the uterus, possessing hair, and being endothermic. These shared traits distinguish them from eutherians and contribute to their unique reproductive strategies and adaptations to their respective environments.
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Which animal class has no tissue? A.Sponges B.Cnidarians C.Roundworms D. Flatworms
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which statement about human reproduction is correct? fertilization occurs in the uterus. in humans, spermatogenesis and oogenesis function best at normal, core body temperatures. the earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. a human oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it.
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Fertilization does not occur in the uterus. It typically occurs in the fallopian tubes, specifically the ampulla region. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans do not function best at normal, core body temperatures. Rather, the optimal temperatures for spermatogenesis are slightly lower than the core body temperature, which is why the testes are located in the scrotum outside the body.
Oogenesis, on the other hand, occurs within the ovaries and is not temperature-dependent like spermatogenesis. A human oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it. In human reproduction, after a sperm penetrates the oocyte (also known as fertilization or conception), the oocyte undergoes the second meiotic division, resulting in the formation of a mature ovum (egg) with a haploid number of chromosomes. This mature ovum is then ready for further development and potential implantation in the uterus if fertilization is successful.
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anyone help me please I need help
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Answer:
Dominant traits are always expressed when the connected allele is dominant, even if only one copy of the dominant trait exists. Recessive traits are expressed only if both the connected alleles are recessive. If one of the alleles is dominant, then the associated characteristic is less likely to manifest.
Explanation:
DNA and RNA are both important nucleic acids. They have similarities and differences structurally.
Use the Venn diagram to compare the two nucleic acids. Drag each characteristic to the correct location.
ITEM BANK Move to Bottom
Deoxyribose sugar
Double stranded
Ribose sugar
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
Throughout the cell
DNA
Both
RNA
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Answer:
search this up
Explanation:
then add quiz let at the end :) hope this
happened to the size of the jaw overtime?
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Answer:Human jaws, as well as oral cavities, have been shrinking ever since the Neolithic agricultural revolution (~12,000 years ago). This has been confirmed by bone remains dated to this time period.
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which of the following statements about enzymes is not true? they do not affect the position of a reaction's equilibrium. they work by increasing the activation energy of a biochemical reaction. they increase the rate at which a reaction's equilibrium is attained. they need to be in their native conformation in order to be active. they decrease the activation energy of a biochemical reaction.
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Answer:
they work by increasing the activation energy of a biochemical reaction.
Explanation: Enzymes are biological catalysts responsible for speeding up biochemical reactions. They do this by reducing the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed, not by increasing it. By lowering the activation energy, enzymes increase the rate at which a reaction's equilibrium is attained, allowing reactions to occur more rapidly and efficiently in living organisms.
The statement that is not true about enzymes is: they work by increasing the activation energy of a biochemical reaction. In fact, enzymes decrease the activation energy of a biochemical reaction, facilitating the development of the reaction.
What are enzymes?Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. They increase the rate of chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Without enzymes, many biological processes would not occur at a fast enough rate to sustain life.
Enzymes are often very specific to the reaction they catalyze and are essential for the proper functioning of many biological systems. Thus, enzymes decrease the activation energy of a biochemical reaction.
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in studying a particular animal, you find that the fourth chromosome is unusual. the two copies of chromosome 4 are shown. the normal chromosome is shown on the top, and the unusual one is shown on the bottom. the position of seven genes is shown. a. what is the specific name of the chromosomal alteration that generated the abnormal chromosome?
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Aneuploidy is the term used to describe the most typical chromosomal abnormalities.
Chromosome alteration: what is it?A morphological or numerical change in one or more chromosomes, affecting the autosomes, sex chromosomes, or both, is what is known as a chromosomal abnormality, also known as a chromosomal aberration.
What causes aberrant chromosomes to occur most frequently?
The most frequent cause of abnormal chromosomes is a mistake made during cell division. Errors that happen as sex cells divide (meiosis) Errors that happen when other cells divide are common causes of chromosomal disorders (mitosis).
Chromosome anomalies include Down syndrome, trisomy 18, trisomy 13, Klinefelter syndrome, XYY syndrome, Turner syndrome, and triple X syndrome, to name a few.
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what is difference between MYOCARDIAL INFRACTION and ANGINA PECTORIS ?
Answers
Explanation:
myocardial infraction is also known as heart attack and it is the blockage of blood flow to the heart muscles
while
angina pectoris is also known as ischemic chest pain and it is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow into the heart
Gurdon inserted the nucleus of a differentiated tadpole cell into an enucleated frog egg, meaning the nucleus was removed. the frog egg then developed into a normal frog embryo. which conclusion is supported by these results?
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The cytoplasm of the egg cell contains elements that impact cell growth.In order to do this, the scientists created protein extracts from frog eggs, which simulate the lesion's repair in a test tube.
What did the Gurdon experiment's findings reveal?Gurdon's experiment demonstrated that it was possible to cause differentiated adult cells to revert to an undifferentiated state, where they could once more develop into a variety of cell types. The idea that differentiated cells could not undifferentiate or dedifferentiate into a different type of differentiated cell was refuted by Gurdon's experiment.Nuclear transfer, often known as introducing a cell's nucleus into an enucleated egg cell (an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed).In order to do this, the scientists created protein extracts from frog eggs, which simulate the lesion's repair in a test tube.To learn more about cell growth refer to:
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If you profoundly restricted the supply of oxygen to the mitochondrion, would the electron transport complex iv become stuck in the reduced state, become stuck in the oxidized state, or stay in the same redox balance as before?.
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If you profoundly restricted the supply of oxygen to the mitochondrion, then the electron transport complex iv becomes : stuck in the reduced state.
What is electron transport complex-IV ?Complex-IV is a cytochrome c oxidase enzyme which consists of cytochrome-a, cytochrome-a3 and copper ions as prosthetic groups. Complex IV catalyzes the final step in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is one of the important regulators of oxidative phosphorylation.
Complex IV of the electron transport chain is a multiunit structure that functions to transfer electrons form cytochrome c to oxygen and in that process forms water and helps in generating a proton gradient.
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A drought is a long period of abnormally low precipitation. Suppose a drought occurred in Yellowstone National Park from 1916 to 1917. Predict how a graph line would appear for this time period. Explain your prediction in terms of the effect on resource availability.
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Answer:
A drought is a long period of abnormally low precipitation. Suppose a drought occurred in Yellowstone National Park from 1916 to 1917. Predict how a graph line would appear for this time period. Explain your prediction in terms of the effect on resource availability.
Explanation: The graph line would have a downward trend because the amount of bison would start to decrease. Droughts heavily impact grassland ecosystems. A drought would increase the risk of a wildfire starting causing the bison to lose their habitat. The drought would also result in reduced plant growth. Therefore the bison would die off either because they were impacted by a wildfire, because they don’t have grass to eat etc.
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what diffuses from the blood capillaries to tissues cells?
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Answer:
Oxygen diffuses through the capillary wall, into the tissue fluid and the cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the tissue fluid, then across the capillary walls into the blood plasma . Glucose diffuses from the blood plasma, across the capillary walls to the tissue fluid, and then to the cells.
Explanation:
Explaination: I just know
7. Which of the following statements about the human heart are TRUE? Choose all that
apply.
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Answer:
I can't really see the statement but I do know that if you do exercise just begin to know that you are improving more blood
PLEASE HELP ASAPPPP
The question for this is: Four substances are involved in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. They are sugars, water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Energy is also transformed from one type to another. Describe what happens to these four substances, light energy, and chemical energy during photosynthesis. Then write a simple equation for the substances and another for energy, using words and arrows to illustrate these changes.
My friends answer is:
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen. During photosynthesis, light energy is absorbed by the plant and converted into chemical energy. The water and carbon dioxide are broken down into their component parts, and the oxygen is released into the atmosphere. The sugars are stored in the plant for later use. The equation for photosynthesis can be represented as light energy + water + carbon dioxide → sugars + oxygen. The equation for energy transformation can be represented as light energy → chemical energy.
D u m b it down to make it look like an 8th grader wrote it pls and thank u
Answers
Plants employ the process of photosynthesis to transform water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen.
Light energy is absorbed by the plant during photosynthesis and transformed into chemical energy. The oxygen is released into the environment, while the water and carbon dioxide are disintegrated into their component elements.
In the plant, the sugars are kept for future use. It is possible to write the photosynthesis equation as follows:
Light energy + water + carbon dioxide → sugars + oxygen.
Light energy → chemical energy can be used to describe the energy transformation equation.
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How do a chromosome, a gene, and an allele differ? How are they similar?
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Answer: A gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product, either RNA or protein. A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. A allele is one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
Explanation:
Is antibiotic resistance a gain in genetic information, or a loss in genetic information?
Answers
Answer: Yes, it indicates that the resistance to antibiotics comes from a loss of genetic information, not a gain in information.
Explanation:
Some scientists found that in each strain of bacteria that had developed resistance to antibiotics the bacteria had dropped from its chromosomes a gene called
k
a
t
G
which codes for the production of two enzymes.
Please help I will make Brainliest
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Answer:
Explanation:
YOU WILL?
diagram of a plant cell, what is the name of structure 2?
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Excuse me but where is the picture you want me to answer???
Please indicate a picture of the diagram to answer it.
Which part of the brain keeps you from losing your balance when you are standing on a skateboard?
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In both meiosis and mitosis of eukaryotic cells, the nuclear dna is separated appropriately so that new cells end up with the correct number and type of chromosomes; however some of the dna in the cell is randomly assorted into the newly formed cells. This type of dna would most likely belong to which organelles?.
Answers
The nuclear DNA is correctly divided during cellular division but the DNA found in the mitochondrial and chloroplasts is distributed randomly among the newly created cells.
The process of creating clones from the mother cell is known as cell division. Meiosis and mitosis are two of the primary kinds of cell division. Meiosis is the mitotic cell reproduction that only happens in germline cells, whereas mitosis is the function reproduction that happens in all kinds of cells. Following the nuclear division of a cell (karyokinesis), the cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis). In karyokinesis, part of the DNA is randomly inserted into the newly produced cells while the nuclear DNA splits properly into the two daughters cells. Chloroplasts and mitochondria both contain this DNA. The DNA of mitochondria and plastids resembles that of prokaryotic cells. These organelles are referred regarded as semi-autonomous organelles since they contain their own DNA.
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Answer: mitochondria and chloroplasts! I just answered this one hope it helps... :)
Explanation:
What questions do you have about skin and skin color?
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Answer:
nothing I have☺️☺️☺️☺️☺️☺️☺️☺️☺️
Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu. plants are classified based on the presence of a certain specialized tissue. a specialized tissue called_____tissue helps transport____and water to all parts of the plant.1. A. VascularB. MycorrhizaeC. Sporophyte2. A. PollenB. OxygenC. Nutrients
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Answer:
1.Vascular B
2.Nutrients.
i need sleep help me out
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One cell, which performs all of the processes required by the organism, makes up a unicellular organism.
The correct option is (a) performs all of the function
Explain features of unicellular organisms?A single cell makes up a unicellular creature, also referred to as a single-celled organism, as opposed to a multicellular organism, which is made up of numerous cells. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms are the two broad categories into which all organisms fall. Bacteria and archaea are two divisions of unicellular prokaryotes. While most eukaryotes have many cells, others do not, including protozoa, single-celled algae, and single-celled fungi. The earliest known forms of life are believed to be unicellular organisms, with the emergence of early protocells possible between 3.8 and 4.0 billion years ago. While certain prokaryotes are specialized cells with unique tasks, they do not always live in colonies. Together, these organisms must carry out all necessary life activities for each cell to survive.Learn more about the Unicellular organism with the help of the given link:
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What are three differences between rocks and soil
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Answer:
Rocks are made of one or more minerals. based on the way the rock was formed: sedimentary metamorphic and igneous Soil is formed of fine rock particles mixed with air, water and particles from dead plant and animal matter.
natural selection is an example of a mechanism of evolution. does this mechanism produce a change in individuals or populations? explain
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Natural selection refers to the procedure where the species better amended to their surrounding appear to survive and generate more offspring. Natural selection refers to one of the mechanisms that make modifications in the frequencies of genes in populations and thus, it is the mechanism of evolutionary change.
However, the phenomenon of genetic drift and natural selection cannot take place unless and until there is a genetic variation, that is unless some individuals are genetically distinct from others.
Organelles called plastids are found in
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Answer:
fHay dos tipos de plastos claramented diferenciados, según la estructura de sus membranas: los plastos primarios, que se encuentran en la mayoría de las plantas y algas; y plastos secundarios, más complejos, que se encuentran en el plancton
Explanation: