Explain what happens when light hits a cone cell.
Answers
When light hits a cone cell, a series of complex biochemical and electrochemical reactions occur that ultimately result in the perception of color.
Cone cells are specialized cells in the retina of the eye that are responsible for color vision and visual acuity in bright light conditions. Cone cells contain photopigments, which are molecules that absorb light and trigger a signaling cascade that eventually leads to the transmission of electrical signals to the brain. The photopigment found in cone cells is called opsin, and it consists of a protein bound to a molecule called retinal.
When light hits a cone cell, it is absorbed by the retinal molecule in the opsin protein. This absorption causes a change in the shape of the retinal molecule, which in turn triggers a series of biochemical reactions that generate an electrical signal in the cone cell. This electrical signal is then transmitted through a network of neurons in the retina, ultimately reaching the brain where it is processed and interpreted as color.
The cone cells in the human eye are sensitive to different wavelengths of light, with some cones being most sensitive to short-wavelength light (blue), others to medium-wavelength light (green), and still others to long-wavelength light (red). This allows us to perceive a wide range of colors, as different combinations of cone cells are activated in response to different wavelengths of light.
Overall, when light hits a cone cell, it triggers a complex series of biochemical and electrical reactions that ultimately lead to the perception of color. The specific color perceived depends on which cone cells are activated and to what extent they are activated in response to the incoming light.
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Related Questions
Research an invasive species in Ohio. Explain to me how the species is a problem for the ecosystems found in Ohio.
Answers
A stroke kills neurons in two waves, first by ____ and second by ____. Group of answer choices Understimulation; overstimulation
Answers
A stroke kills neurons in two waves, first by overstimulation and then by understimulation.
A stroke is an acute reduction in blood flow within the brain. Stroke rapidly destroys neurons in the brain areas of lowest blood flow, resulting in an infarct of necrotic brain tissue.
What happens in overstimulation?
Overstimulation is a condition in which there’s too much sensory input for the brain to handle. It can be a form of physical or emotional discomfort and feeling like the brain is frozen or unable to think or process anything that’s happening. Overstimulation occurs when a person surpasses their threshold for sensory input.
What happens in understimulation?
Understimulation occurs when there is not enough sensory input or feelings to keep you engaged with your surroundings. When there is no brain activity after the stroke, it can leave a person unable to respond, or in a sleep-like state. This can trigger unconsciousness or coma and means that important parts of the brain are not working well.
Therefore, a stroke kill neuron, first by overstimulation and second by understimulation.
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Which statements are true of all organisms, including the zebra, giraffe, and plants in the picture? Check all that apply
Answers
Answer:
The statements which are true in the case of zebra, giraffe, and plants are that energy is needed to power all cell processes and energy allows organisms to grow and reproduce.
Explanation:
Energy is considered to be an important element for the growth and survival of all living organisms including plants and animals. Energy is a must to generate power which is needed for the efficient functioning of all the cell processes. In addition, energy plays an important role in the reproduction of living organisms. For example, Plants go through the process of photosynthesis where they convert the carbon dioxide mixed with water into carbohydrates which provide energy for the growth and reproduction of plants.
Thus the statements that are true are energy is needed to power all cellular processes and that energy allows organisms to grow and reproduce.
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True or false? The action of an enzyme upon its substrate is described as a "lock and key" mechanism.
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The statement is true because " If the right key fits into the right lock then the lock will open.
What is meant by "lock and key" mechanism?The action of an enzyme upon its substrate is described as a "lock and key" mechanism is totally false because the true statement about the lock and key model is defined as the " if the right key fits in the right lock then the lock will open due to the right key, otherwise the lock will not open. Similarly, if the right enzyme fits in the right substrate, the product is formed, otherwise not. This mechanism named as lock and key because the key represents the enzyme while the lock represents the substrate.
So we can conclude that If the correct enzyme attaches to the substrate then the reaction will speed up in the lock and key mechanism.
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How many species are considered critically endangered.
Answers
Answer:
3,947 species.The ÎÛČÑ assessed a total of 63,837 species which revealed 19,817 are threãtened with extîñction. 3,947 were described as "critically endangered".
3,947 species are considered to be critically endangered.
What are Endangered species?These are species which are very likely to become extinct in the near future.
This can be as a result of overexploitation or habitat destruction. The number of critically endangered species is in the region of 3,947.
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. Fast-twitch muscle fibers are:
A.
The fastest to contract and the slowest to tire out.
B.
The fastest to contract and produce the most power.
C.
Produce the least power and are the fastest to tire out.
D.
Produce the least power and are the slowest to
Answers
Fast-twitch muscle fibers are the fastest to contract and produce the most power. Option B is correct.
Fast-twitch muscle fibers, also known as type II fibers, are one of two types of skeletal muscle fibers, the other being slow-twitch (type I) fibers. Fast-twitch fibers contract quickly and forcefully, making them capable of producing high levels of power and speed, but they also fatigue quickly.
Fast-twitch fibers are further divided into two subtypes, type IIa and type IIb, with type IIb fibers being the fastest and most powerful. Type IIb fibers are primarily used for short bursts of high-intensity activity, such as sprinting or powerlifting.
In contrast, slow-twitch fibers contract more slowly and are better suited for endurance activities, such as distance running or cycling. They are more resistant to fatigue and have a higher capacity for oxidative metabolism, which allows them to produce energy from aerobic respiration. Option B is correct.
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The primary difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion is that active transport is the only one in which
A) [S]high → [S]low.
B) transporter proteins are required.
C) [S]low → [S]high.
D) the concentration gradient provides the necessary energy for movement.
Answers
The correct answer is B) transporter proteins are required. Facilitated diffusion and active transport are both mechanisms for moving molecules across a membrane, but they differ in the energy requirements and the use of transporter proteins.
Facilitated diffusion relies on a concentration gradient and uses transporter proteins to move molecules from high to low concentration, but it does not require energy input. In contrast, active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, which requires energy input from ATP hydrolysis or other sources, and it always involves transporter proteins to facilitate movement.
Therefore, the key difference between the two processes is the requirement of transporter proteins for active transport.
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How many atoms are In 2C2S3
Answers
Answer:
12.00 g C-12 = 1 mol C-12 atoms = 6.022 × 1023 atoms • The number of particles in 1 mole is called Avogadro's Number (6.0221421 x 1023).
Explanation:
10 / 10000 Word Limit
(d) Soil organisms, such as mycorrhizal fungi, impact the rate of succession in ecosystems. Mycorrhizal fungi have a mutualistic relationship with various species of plants and
increase the plant growth and survival Sand dunes often lack mycorrhizal fungi and a researcher wanted to determine the effect of adding mycorrhizal species to sand on
disturbed beaches on grass growth. The researcher set up various mycorrhizal communities at disturbed beaches in different locations on the east coast of the United States.
Identify the independent variable in the study
Answers
Answer:
When considering adding mycorrhizal species to the sand of disturbed beaches, to see their effect on grass growth, the independent variable of the study would be the addition of mycorrhizal species to the beach sand.
Explanation:
Mycorrhiza is a symbiosis between fungi species such as Ascomycota, Basidiomycota or Glomeromycota and the roots of a plant, which allows it to take advantage of the inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus found in the soil.
The effect of the symbiosis that rubs the mycorrhiza is to promote the synthesis of nutrients in the plant and improve its growth and development.
In a study in which it is intended to add mycorrhizal fungi to the beach sand to observe the growth of grass, the independent variable of the study will be the addition of mycorrhizae to the sand, while the dependent variable is the growth of grass, the measurable effect.
In this experiment, mycorrhizal fungi is considered independent variable.
In this experiment, mycorrhizal fungi is the independent variable because no effect or impact occurs on it due to changes of sand or beaches in the experiment whereas sand or beaches are considered as dependent variable because the sand or beaches show change when the concentration of mycorrhizal fungi changes.
Independent variable is a type of variable which is not dependent on other factors whereas dependent variable depends on other variables so we can conclude that mycorrhizal fungi is independent variable.
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the most effective portion(s) of the visible spectrum in driving photosynthesis is (are):
Answers
The most effective portions of the visible spectrum in driving photosynthesis are the red and blue regions.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other photosynthetic organisms convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. The process occurs in specialized structures called chloroplasts, which contain pigments such as chlorophyll that absorb light.
Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, the primary pigments involved in photosynthesis, have different absorption spectra. Chlorophyll a absorbs light most efficiently in the red (around 660-680 nm) and blue (around 430-450 nm) regions of the spectrum. Chlorophyll b has a slightly broader absorption spectrum, with higher absorption in the blue (around 450-470 nm) and red-orange (around 640-660 nm) regions.
These absorption peaks correspond to the wavelengths of light where chlorophyll molecules can absorb photons and transfer the energy to the photosynthetic machinery. The absorbed light energy is then used to power the series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
The red and blue regions are most effective because they match the absorption peaks of chlorophyll a and b, allowing for optimal energy absorption. Other regions of the spectrum, such as green light, are not absorbed as efficiently by chlorophyll, which is why plants appear green to our eyes.
In conclusion, the red and blue regions of the visible spectrum are the most effective in driving photosynthesis due to the specific absorption properties of chlorophyll pigments, enabling efficient energy capture for the process of converting light energy into chemical energy.
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How does energy move in the food web picture?
a-from zoo plankton to squid
b-from elephant seal to squid
c-from cod to phytoplankton
Answers
Answer: A.) from zoo plankton to squid
Explanation: the arrow direction is what we look at here, and the arrow points from zoo plankton to the squid and the other arrows in the other answers do not.
you should conduct an experiment that would test whether the coating of extracellular slime changed the speed at which the slime mold moved across the substrate. what two conditions you will choose to text the hypothesis?
Answers
The two choices to test the hypothesis is to place the slime mold on the agar and another to place the slime mold on agar coated with extracellular slime.
You may plan an experiment with two conditions—one with slime mold placed on plain agar and one with slime mold placed on agar coated with extracellular slime—to see whether there are speed differences. In both cases, a food supply could be positioned at a set distance from the slime mold, and the time it took to get there could be monitored.
The mold wanders around in quest of the nutrients it needs to grow larger, just like an amoeba does. Throughout the entire experiment, we also saw that the slime mold prefers to live and thrive in cold, damp surroundings, such as those that are close to bodies of water, tree bark and branches, etc.
Slime molds are an uncommon group of organisms that were formerly categorized as fungi, plants, and mammals. Slime molds have cellulose in the cell walls of their spores, just like plants do. Slime molds are heterotrophs, in contrast to plants.
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which element is found in nucleus acids but not in amino acids
Answers
I hope this helps you!
Approximately what percent of the sunlight striking the earth is actually captured by the biosphere on any given day? brainloy
Answers
About 71% of the sunlight that reaches the Earth is absorbed by the surface of the earth and atmosphere.
What is light energy?The capacity to make different forms of light visible to human sight makes light energy a sort of kinetic energy. Light is referred to as electromagnetic radiation that is produced by hot things like the sun, lasers, and lightbulbs.
Photons, which are tiny energy packets, are present in light. Photons are created when the atoms of an item undergo a heating process; this is how photons are created. The heat excites the electrons, which leads to their producing more energy. A photon is produced when the energy is released, and as the substance heats up, more photons are produced.
Therefore, 71% of the sunlight that reaches the Earth is absorbed by the surface of the earth and atmosphere.
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Imagine you are a scientist observing rats in the wild. As the rats reproduce, rats born with white fur slowly begin to outnumber rats with black fur. In three to five sentences, provide two or more different explanations of why the rats with white fur might be outnumbering the rats with black fur
Answers
Complete dominance occurs when a dominant allele hides the expression of the recessive allele in heterozygous individuals. Directional selection favors one of the extreme phenotypes and increases its frequency in the population. Explanations: 1) white fur is dominant over black fur. 2) Directional selection is going on.
What are complete dominance and directional selection?
Complete dominance is the inheritance pattern in which one of the alleles -dominant one- hides the expression of the other allele -recessive one-. This fact becomes evident in heterozygous individuals, who carry both alleles.
The dominant phenotype appears in individuals who carry at least one dominant allele in their genotypes.
Directional selection is one type of natural selection that favors one extreme phenotype in the population, over the others. It increases the frequency of one of the homozygous genotypes and reduces the frequency of the other homozygous genotype and the heterozygous one.
There must be a selective pressure or environmental pressure acting on populations to lead the species to increase the number of individuals expressing that extreme phenotype.
In the exposed example, the frequency of white fur animals increases, while the frequency of black fur animals decreases. Two possible reasons are,
Complete dominance. The white fur phenotype is dominant over the black fur phenotype. In these cases, and only if environmental conditions are proper for both phenotypes, the dominant phenotype will be more frequent than the recessive phenotype. Directional selection might be modeling this population. There might be an environmental factor (a predator, for instance) acting as a selective pressure and leading natural selection to favor one of the extreme phenotypes (in this case, directional selection is favoring the white phenotype over the black phenotye).You can learn more about
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From your reading (Lehman et al. Ch. 4), there is a simple model of exponential population growth using a recursion equation (not a differential equation) as programmed in R (modified slightly to create a variable for r ): N=1;t=0;r=2; while (t<=24) \{print (N); t=t+1;N=N
∗
r;} Open a new R Script and name it: "Lab2_YourLastName.R". Add the above lines of code and run them. Use a comment line above the code in your script to describe what this code does. 1. Now create a new set of code where you modify the above code to have it store the output for the different values of N over time and plot the output as a line (types"l"). Include the code with annotations ( # ) in your R script that you will turn in (10 points). 2. Use the general solution to the equation above (Eq. 4) to calculate the size of the population at the final point in time using this INSTANTANEOUS rate of growth. Is this the same as your answer from the recursive output from R ? Why or why not (answer using an annotation line in your code that is labelled with this question number)?
Answers
The modified code stores and plots the population sizes over time. The final population size calculated using the general solution differs from the recursive output because it assumes continuous instantaneous growth.
To create a modified version of the given code that stores the output for different values of N over time and plots the output as a line, you can use the following code in the "Lab2_YourLastName.R" script:
```R
# This code demonstrates exponential population growth using a recursion equation.
# It calculates the population size (N) at each time step (t) based on a constant growth rate (r).
N <- c() # Create an empty vector to store population sizes
t <- 0
r <- 2
while (t <= 24) {
N <- c(N, N) # Append the current population size to the vector
t <- t + 1
N <- N * r # Calculate the new population size
}
plot(N, type = "l", xlab = "Time", ylab = "Population Size") # Plot the population sizes as a line
```
By running this modified code, the population sizes at each time step will be stored in the vector `N`, and the resulting plot will show the growth trajectory of the population over time.
The general solution to the exponential growth equation is the same as the recursive output from R, add the following annotation line in your code:
```R
# The final population size calculated using the general solution is not the same as the recursive output from R.
# This is because the recursive output considers discrete time steps and constant growth rate over each time step,
# while the general solution assumes instantaneous growth, which is continuous and allows for a more precise estimation.
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a timber rattlesnake shakes its rattle at a characteristic frequency of about 3300 shakes per minute
Answers
The timber rattlesnake shakes its rattle at a characteristic frequency of about 3300 shakes per minute, serving as a warning to potential threats and signaling its readiness to defend itself.
The timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) is a venomous snake species found in the eastern regions of the United States. One of its most notable features is its rattle, which it uses as a warning signal when threatened. The rattle consists of a series of loosely attached, interlocking segments called keratin buttons. When the snake contracts its specialized tail muscles, the segments vibrate against one another, producing the characteristic rattling sound.
The timber rattlesnake shakes its rattle at a characteristic frequency of about 3300 shakes per minute, although this can vary among individuals. The frequency of the rattle is influenced by several factors, including the snake's size, age, and rate of muscle contractions. The rapid shaking of the rattle creates a buzzing or rattling noise that serves as a warning to potential predators or intruders, signaling that the snake is ready to defend itself.
While the rattling sound can be intimidating, timber rattlesnakes typically prefer to avoid confrontation and will usually retreat if given the opportunity. It is important to exercise caution and maintain a safe distance when encountering these snakes in their natural habitat to avoid any potential conflicts.
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(Brainlest) What might occur if a cell entered mitosis without completing the s stage of interphase?
Answers
Answer:
i think it is B .
Answer:The answer is D, because there would not be enough DNA, and that could lead to self-destruction, B is wrong
Are the members of the third generation still carriers/affected by the trait? How many
percent are affected by the trait?
Answers
Answer:
When a genetic disorder is diagnosed in a family, family members often want to know the likelihood that they or their children will develop the condition. This can be difficult to predict in some cases because many factors influence a person's chances of developing a genetic condition. One important factor is how the condition is inherited. For example:
Autosomal dominant inheritance: A person affected by an autosomal dominant disorder has a 50 percent chance of passing the mutated gene to each child. The chance that a child will not inherit the mutated gene is also 50 percent. However, in some cases an autosomal dominant disorder results from a new (de novo) mutation that occurs during the formation of egg or sperm cells or early in embryonic development. In these cases, the child's parents are unaffected, but the child may pass on the condition to his or her own children.
why biologists can't check every situation where a hypothesis might apply?
can someone answer this please quick.
Answers
Biologists, like other scientists, aim to test hypotheses to gain a better understanding of the natural world.
However, it is not feasible for biologists to check every situation where a hypothesis might apply due to several factors.
Firstly, time constraints limit the number of situations that can be investigated. Scientific research often requires considerable time and effort to set up experiments, collect data, and analyze the results. Additionally, the process of peer review and publishing research adds to the time required for each study.
Secondly, financial resources are often limited in scientific research. Conducting experiments and gathering data can be expensive, requiring funding for equipment, materials, and personnel. Consequently, biologists must prioritize which aspects of a hypothesis to test based on the available funding and the potential impact of the research.
Thirdly, the complexity of biological systems makes it challenging to examine every possible situation. Living organisms and ecosystems are highly interconnected, with many variables that can influence the outcome of a study. This complexity necessitates the use of controlled experiments, which may not encompass the full range of conditions in which a hypothesis could apply.
Lastly, ethical considerations can also restrict the scope of biological research. In some cases, studying certain organisms or environments may pose risks to the subjects themselves or to their ecosystems. For example, endangered species or fragile habitats must be studied with great care to minimize any potential harm.
In summary, while biologists strive to test hypotheses as thoroughly as possible, factors such as time, financial resources, complexity, and ethics limit the ability to examine every situation where a hypothesis might apply.
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How do ocean currents affect the climate of an area?
Answers
Answer:
ocean currents act as conveyer belts of warm and cold waters sending heat towards the polar regions and helping tropical areas
In a certain population of rabbits, the allele for brown fur is dominant over the
allele for white fur. If 20 out of 100 rabbits have white fur, what is the allele
frequency for the dominant allele?
The Hardy-Weinberg equation is:
(homozygous dominant]* + 2[heterozygous] + [homozygous recessive]? = 1
• A. 0.80
•
B. 0.20
• C. 0.55
D. 0.04
Answers
Answer:
B: 0.20
Explanation:
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation describes the equilibrium frequency of alleles in a population. The frequency of an allele is the proportion of individuals in a population that have that allele.
To find the frequency of the dominant allele, we need to know the proportion of individuals in the population that are homozygous dominant or heterozygous for the dominant allele. From the information given, we know that 20 out of 100 rabbits have white fur, which means that 20/100 = 0.20 of the population is either homozygous dominant or heterozygous for the dominant allele.
Therefore, the frequency of the dominant allele is 0.20, which corresponds to answer choice B.
How would this impact the organism?
Answers
Answer:
how would what impact the organism?
What would happen if cytokinesis did not occur?
Answers
Answer:
Cytokinesis takes place in both meiosis and mitosis and performs the separation of he cell in half and form one nucleus into each daughter cell.
If cytokinesis did not happen, it will from multinucleated cells which means that their will be multiple nuclei in single cell and cell will not get separate in half, and no new daughter cells will form.
What do the Spike Proteins do?
Answers
Answer:
The spike protein has pivotal roles in viral infection and pathogens. S1 recognizes and binds to host receptors, and subsequent confermational changes in S2 facilitate fusion between the viral envelope and the host cell membrane.
Explanation:
What part of the joint cavity lubricates the joint, supplies nutrients, removes metabolic wastes, and absorbs shock
Answers
Explanation:
The synovial capsule which secretes synovial fluid which lubricates the joint,absorbs shock etc
when an offspring receives a combination of alleles that differs from those in the parental generation it can be due to .
Answers
The difference in allelic combination in offspring from parents is due to genetic recombination.
How can recombination affect allelic combination?Independent assortment and crossing over is a very important phenomenon in genetics. Crossing over leads to recombination of alleles. Crossing over generally occurs during meiosis. During the zygote formation the parental allelic combination can be separated. When two alleles are separated, each of the allele will recombine with another allele to form a new allelic pair. Genetic recombination is nothing but a new combination of genes. Alleles are also the different form of a gene. For this reason the allelic combination in offspring differs.
So, allelic combination in offspring differs due to recombination.
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According to decay theory, why does forgetting occur? Select one: a. because of the deterioration of the nervous system with increasing age.
b. because of competition from other memories
c. because of ineffective encoding of information.
d. because of the passage of time.
Which of the following is reflected in Sigmund Freud's concept of repression? Select one: a. ineffective encoding b. interference
c. decay d. retrieval failure
Answers
According to decay theory, forgetting occurs because of the passage of time.
Sigmund Freud's concept of repression reflects the idea of retrieval failure.
Forgetting is a common phenomenon in human memory, and decay theory suggests that it happens due to the natural fading or weakening of memories over time. When information is encoded into our memory, it creates neural connections and pathways in the brain. However, these connections can gradually weaken or decay if they are not reinforced or accessed frequently.
The main idea behind decay theory is that memories that are not regularly reinforced or retrieved may gradually decay, becoming more difficult to retrieve accurately. This decay occurs at the neural level, as the connections between neurons weaken over time, making the memory traces less effective in retrieving the information. As a result, memories that are not actively maintained through rehearsal or retrieval can become less accessible and eventually fade away.
Repression is a concept introduced by Sigmund Freud in psychoanalytic theory, and it refers to the unconscious blocking of traumatic or distressing memories from conscious awareness. According to Freud, individuals may repress memories that are too threatening or painful to consciously remember, pushing them into the unconscious mind.
Repression aligns with the concept of retrieval failure because the memories that have been repressed are not readily accessible to conscious retrieval. While the memories may still exist in the unconscious, they are effectively blocked or "forgotten" from the conscious awareness.
When attempts are made to retrieve repressed memories, they may remain inaccessible due to the psychological defense mechanism of repression. These memories are effectively "hidden" from conscious recall, making retrieval difficult or even impossible without specialized therapeutic techniques.
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Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished form primary sewage treatment by the: separation of the suspended solids from the liquid effluent. chlorination of the liquid effluent. aeration of liquid effluent following chlorination. removal of inorganic nutrients from the liquid effluent. addition of bacteria to process organic contaminants.
Answers
Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished from primary sewage treatment by the following:
Aeration of liquid effluent following chlorination.
Addition of bacteria to process organic contaminants.
Removal of inorganic nutrients from the liquid effluent.
Primary sewage treatment is the initial step in the treatment of waste water, and it typically includes the separation of the suspended solids from the liquid effluent. This can be achieved through sedimentation, mechanical screens, and other physical means to remove the larger particles from the waste water.
Secondary sewage treatment goes one step further by using biological processes to remove dissolved organic matter and inorganic nutrients from the liquid effluent. This is typically done through the use of microorganisms, which break down the organic matter in the waste water. Aeration is used to provide the microorganisms with oxygen, which is necessary for their growth and metabolism.
Chlorination can be used as a final disinfectant step following secondary sewage treatment to kill any remaining pathogens, but it is not a requirement of secondary treatment.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of RNA?
The sugar that makes up the foundation of the nucleotides is ribose, not deoxyribose
RNA forms a double helix.
RNA has uracil in place of thymine.
RNA travels outside of the nucleus.
Answers
Answe:RNA는 핵 밖으로 이동합니r다.
Explanation: