First Steps

THE LANDING

As the lander hit, Maria drew a jagged breath, and her chest muscles clenched tight with anxiety. Captain Curran, the group leader, turned around and smiled at Maria and her five friends.

“All right,” he said with forced joviality. “Who wants to be the first of the generations born in space to set foot on a real planet?”

Maria waited for someone else to speak or raise their hand. Next to her, Allen just stared at the floor of the lander muttering, “Not me, not me.”

She glanced at Lily, who Maria had always known to be fearless, but Lily bit her lip and turned away. Javier looked positively gray, and the twins buried their faces in their hands. Someone would have to be first. Maria closed her eyes and took a few meditative breaths, waiting for someone else to volunteer, but the lander was silent.

FINDING COURAGE

The radio crackled to life. “Lander one, this is Mothership, do you copy?”

“Yes,” Captain Curran answered. “We’ve landed safely and are waiting to exit the lander, but there’s just a little…disagreement…over which pioneer wants to be the first to set foot on our new home.”

“Tell them there’s plenty for everyone to see, and they’re going to love it out there,” the voice on the radio responded. “I wish it were me instead of you; I miss the feel of real air on my face.”

Captain Curran flipped off the microphone. “You six have lived your entire lives in space, and it’s a great privilege to be the first of your generation to see a new planet. The others are watching; if you’re afraid, they’ll be afraid. Can’t any of you find the courage to set an example?”

Maria shifted uncomfortably in her seat and thought of her parents; they had traveled across the galaxy to find their family a new home, with clean air and good soil, and she knew this planet was for them. “I’ll do it, Captain,” she mumbled as she slipped out of her harness and rose out of her seat. Maria couldn’t shake the feeling of trepidation as she stood and watched the doors of the lander slide open.

A NEW WORLD

A burst of air hit Maria in the face. She scrunched up her nose as an unfamiliar assortment of odors hit her nostrils. Some smelled sweet, some disgusting, and some were just strange. There were never strange smells on the ship; everything was always the same there. What was it going to be like to live where things changed? The rest of the children gathered around the opening as she climbed down the ladder, and Maria tried to smile as she met their worried eyes. Then, suddenly, something crunched underneath her boots; she was standing on the surface of the planet, and it felt nothing like the smooth metallic halls that she’d known all her life.

Without letting go of the ladder, she turned around to look at the world around the lander. The soil was full of shapes and textures; there were some small, grainy pieces, then larger clumps that she could break with the toe of her boot. One piece was hard and smooth, and she let go of the ladder to pick it up. “Captain,” she called, “I think I’ve found a rock!”

The air was moving, and long, thin, green things bowed and danced. “Grasses,” Maria whispered to herself, remembering the videos in her science lessons. She let go of the ladder and took soft, slow steps and realized her arms and legs felt like they were full of lead. “Natural gravity,” she whispered to herself. She started to walk a little more quickly, getting used to the new sensation. She was doing what others had previously thought impossible—taking steps on a new world.

A creature with gossamer wings landed on her nose, and she crossed her eyes trying to get a good look at it. Something small and furry scurried across her feet as she spun in a slow circle. Inspired, she ran as fast as she could across the foreign soil; she’d never seen somewhere so big, and it was thrilling. Suddenly, a deep, low sound echoed around her.

“That’s the call of a hornbeast,” Captain Curran shouted from the bottom of the ladder. Maria glanced back and saw that he was helping her friends take tentative first steps in the new world. “Walk to your left a little, and there should be a stream—flowing water on the ground; they often go there to drink, the explorers say.”

She started to run in that direction and then paused. “Hurry up!” she yelled, unable to contain her enthusiasm. “Our new home is extraordinary!”

Question
In “First Steps,” which theme is developed by Maria’s volunteering to leave the lander?

Some things cannot be learned in school.
Some things cannot be learned in school.

It takes courage to be the first to try something new.
It takes courage to be the first to try something new.

Taking unnecessary risks is foolish.
Taking unnecessary risks is foolish.

Great tasks can be accomplished by working as a team.

Answer:

16 g

Explanation:

Step 1: Write the balanced equation

2 Na + Cl₂ ⇒ 2 NaCl

Step 2: Identify the limiting reactant

The theoretical mass ratio (TMR) of Na to Cl₂ is 46:71 = 0.65:1.

The experimental mass ratio (EMR) of Na to Cl₂ is 10:10 = 1:1.

Since EMR > TMR, Cl₂ is the limiting reactant

Step 3: Calculate the mass of NaCl produced

The theoretical mass ratio of Cl₂ to NaCl is 71:117.

10 g Cl₂ × 117 g NaCl/71 g Cl₂ = 16 g NaCl

The concentrations of the reactants and the products remain constant.III. The amount of reactants is equal to the number of products. Option B (I and III) is correct.

At equilibrium, the rate of the forward and reverse reactions are equal (a statement I), which means the net rate of the reaction is zero.

The concentrations of the reactants and products do not necessarily have to be equal at equilibrium (Statement III). It is possible for the equilibrium to favor one side or the other, resulting in a higher concentration of either reactants or products.

As a result, the concentration of the reactants and products stays constant. The amount of reactants in a reaction is equivalent to the number of products at equilibrium.

As a result, option B (I and III) is the correct answer.

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Answer:

%Li-6 = 5.996% & %Li-7 = 94.004%

Explanation:

let X₁ = Li-6 & X₂ = Li-7 where Xₙ = mole fraction

X₁ + X₂ = 1 => X₁ = 1 - X₂

6·X₁ + 7·X₂ = 6.94004

=> 6(1 - X₂) + 7·X₂ = 6.94004

=> 6 - 6·X₂ + 7·X₂ = 6.94004

=> 6 + X₂ = 6.94004

X₂ = 6.94004 - 6 = 0.94004 => %X₂ = %Li-7 = 94.004%

X₁ = 1.00000 - 0.94004 = 0.05996 => %X₁ = %Li-6 = 5.996%

To clean powder fouling, corrosion, and dirt from outside parts of the lower receiver and extension assembly, one should use the best quality cleaning materials and methods.

Powder fouling, corrosion, and dirt can accumulate on the outside parts of the lower receiver and extension assembly, making it hard to maintain the rifle. It is essential to clean the weapon regularly to maintain its efficiency and longevity.

The following cleaning materials are required for the cleaning process:

Cleaning solvent

Cleaning brush

Microfiber cloth

Lubricant

The best solvent to use when cleaning the rifle is a powder solvent. This is because it is specifically designed to remove fouling from firearms. It is also essential to use a cleaning brush made of brass, nylon, or synthetic material to avoid damaging the parts of the lower receiver and extension assembly.

Brass brushes are best for removing fouling, while nylon and synthetic brushes are gentle on the metal parts and help prevent corrosion. Avoid using a steel brush when cleaning the rifle since it may scratch or damage the surface of the metal.Lubricant is also essential in maintaining the rifle. It helps keep the moving parts smooth and minimizes friction between metal parts.

A high-quality lubricant should be used, and the excess should be wiped off with a microfiber cloth. To clean the weapon, apply the cleaning solvent onto the brush and scrub the outside parts of the lower receiver and extension assembly, then wipe it off with a microfiber cloth. Ensure the surface of the metal parts is dry before applying lubricant. Apply lubricant to moving parts of the weapon.

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The mass of 0.5 mole of the element is approximately 6.025 grams.

To calculate the mass of 0.5 mole of the element, we need to know the molar mass of the element.

Given that the mass of 2 x 10^21 atoms of the element is 0.4 grams, we can use this information to find the molar mass.

The number of atoms in 1 mole of any substance is given by Avogadro's number, which is approximately 6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol.

First, we calculate the molar mass of the element using the given information:

Molar mass = Mass of 2 x 10^21 atoms / Number of moles of 2 x 10^21 atoms

Molar mass = 0.4 g / (2 x 10^21 atoms / (6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol))

Molar mass ≈ 0.4 g / (3.32 x 10^-2 mol)

Molar mass ≈ 12.05 g/mol

Now that we know the molar mass of the element is approximately 12.05 g/mol, we can calculate the mass of 0.5 mole of the element:

Mass = Molar mass x Number of moles

Mass = 12.05 g/mol x 0.5 mol

Mass = 6.025 grams

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An exothermic reaction is the chemical reaction which releases heat to the surroundings. Among the options you provided, the example of an exothermic reaction is ammonium nitrate dissolving in water. Option A is correct.

This reaction is exothermic because the dissolution process releases heat to the surroundings, as well as the temperature of the solution will increases.

The other examples you provided, such as the dissolving of concentrated hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride, and sugar in water, are all exothermic processes as well, but they are not chemical reactions, as no new substances are formed. They are simply physical changes, where the substances dissolve in the solvent.

Hence, A. Ammonium nitrate dissolving in water is the correct option.

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--The given question is incorrect, the correct question is

"Which example is an exothermic reaction? A) ammonium nitrate dissolving in water B) concentrated hydrochloric acid dissolving in water C) sugar dissolving in water D) ammonium chloride dissolving in water."--

Answer:

35.5 this is the answer ok

Answer:

A= 2.3g

B= 1.2L

Explanation:

a) Find the mass of the reacted metal

2Na    +     Cl2     →    2NaCl

46               71                 117

X                                   5.85

From the chemical equation

117/5.85 = 46/x

X= (46x5.85)/117

 = 2.3g

So, the mass of the reacted metal is 2.3g

b) Find the volume of the reacted gas at STP

at STP: 71g of CL2 has 22.4l

              Y  of Cl2 has V

V= (Y x 22.4L) / 71                   where y=?

From the chemical equation

117 / 5.85 = 71 / Y

Y= (71x5.85) / 117

  = 3.55

V= (3.55x22.4) / 71

 = 1.12L

So, the volume of the reacted gas at STP is 1.12L

Answer:

Recycling scrap copper is more sustainable than extracting copper from copper ores due to the following reasons:

Reduces energy consumption: Recycling scrap copper requires less energy compared to mining, extracting, and processing copper ores. This results in a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a decrease in energy consumption.

Conservation of natural resources: Recycling scrap copper conserves natural resources because it reduces the need for mining copper ores. Mining copper ores often leads to the destruction of ecosystems, soil erosion, and the emission of harmful pollutants into the environment.

Reduction in landfill waste: Recycling scrap copper helps to reduce the amount of waste in landfills. Copper is a valuable resource, and recycling it ensures that it is reused instead of ending up in landfills.

Cost-effective: Recycling scrap copper is often cheaper than extracting copper from copper ores. This is because recycling eliminates the cost of mining, extracting, and processing copper ores.

Preservation of water resources: Extracting copper from copper ores requires large amounts of water, which can lead to water shortages in some regions. Recycling scrap copper requires less water, thus helping to preserve water resources.

Overall, recycling scrap copper is more sustainable than extracting copper from copper ores because it reduces energy consumption, conserves natural resources, reduces landfill waste, is cost-effective, and helps to preserve water resources.

Explanation:

Answer:

Bond between N and Br is non polar bond

The physiological mechanism that is most important in the respiratory response to a systemic decrease in arterial pH due to elevated Ketoacids is activation of peripheral chemoreceptors.What are chemoreceptors?Chemoreceptors are sensory cells or organs that are sensitive to chemical changes within the body.

They sense the changes in chemical concentration and produce electrical signals that are interpreted by the brain as taste, smell, or a physiological response.A change in arterial pH and/or CO2 levels activate chemoreceptors present in the respiratory system. The peripheral chemoreceptors are found in the aortic and carotid bodies and are responsible for the respiratory response when there is a decrease in arterial pH or an increase in CO2 levels.

A decrease in arterial pH due to elevated ketoacids causes a systemic response. The most important physiological mechanism involved in the respiratory response to the decrease in arterial pH is the activation of peripheral chemoreceptors. These chemoreceptors are found in the aortic and carotid bodies and are responsible for sensing changes in the arterial pH and increasing ventilation in response to it.

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There are several types of solutions, including dilute solutions, concentrated solutions, saturated solutions, unsaturated solutions, and supersaturated solutions. Each type of solution has specific characteristics that distinguish them from one another.

Dilute solutions: These solutions have a small amount of solute dissolved in a larger amount of solvent. They have a low concentration of solute particles. Concentrated solutions: Concentrated solutions have a large amount of solute dissolved in a smaller amount of solvent. They have a high concentration of solute particles. Saturated solutions: Saturated solutions contain the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature. Any additional solute added will not dissolve. Unsaturated solutions: Unsaturated solutions have not reached their maximum solute capacity and can dissolve more solute. Supersaturated solutions: These solutions contain more solute than what is normally possible at a given temperature. They are achieved by dissolving the solute at a higher temperature and then cooling the solution slowly.

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Water does  not stick to the leaves of the plant  owing to the fact that the leaves has a waterproof cuticle.

We know that the leaves are the parts of the plant that are involved in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants produce their own food in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. We know that the leave has an outer protective covering.

The tissue that plays this outer covering of a plant for is the  epidermis and its waxy cuticle. It prevents damage to the plant.

Water does  not stick to the leaves of the plant  owing to the fact that the leaves has a waterproof cuticle.

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Answer:

Gravity causes gas in space to come together and form stars. As the star becomes denser and denser, the pressure and temperature at its core become high enough to initiate nuclear fusion reactions, where hydrogen atoms fuse together to form helium, releasing a huge amount of energy. This energy keeps the star hot and shining for millions or billions of years. Without gravity, nuclear fusion would not occur, and the universe as we know it would not exist.

Explanation:

Gravity played a crucial role in causing fusion reactions to occur between hydrogen and helium. In the early universe, after the Big Bang, there were only light elements such as hydrogen and helium, and gravity was the main force that brought these elements together to form stars. As a large amount of hydrogen gas began to accumulate in one area, the force of gravity caused the gas to contract and become denser and denser. As the density and temperature of the gas increased, the pressure in the core of the gas cloud became high enough to initiate nuclear fusion reactions.

During nuclear fusion, the extreme temperature and pressure in the star's core caused hydrogen atoms to fuse together to form helium. This fusion process released a huge amount of energy in the form of light and heat, which kept the star hot and shining for millions or even billions of years. Without the force of gravity to bring hydrogen atoms together, fusion reactions would not occur, and the formation of heavier elements, including those necessary for life, would not be possible. Therefore, gravity is the cause that initiated the fusion reactions, leading to the formation of heavier elements and eventually the complex universe we observe today.

Explanation:

In a double displacement reaction, there is an actual exchange of partners to form new compounds.

The reaction is given as shown below:

         AB + CD →  AD + CB

One of the following conditions serves as the driving force for a double replacement reaction:

Solar and wind technologies are location specific is the reason why nuclear power is important. Therefore, the correct option is option D.

Nuclear power is the term used to describe the controlled nuclear reactions used to produce energy. It uses radioactive substances, usually uranium, to create heat and steam that powers turbines to create electricity. Nuclear power, although being a contentious subject, offers several benefits that make it a crucial component of the world's energy mix. The effectiveness and sustainability of nuclear power are highlighted in this article's discussion of some significant topics.

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Answer:

Homogeneous

Explanation:

Pure substances are untouched substances.

Homogeneous mixtures are in uniform.

Heterogeneous mixtures are un-uniform.

The final temperature for each substance is 25°C

Amount of energy each sample of matter absorbs = 100 joules

that is Q = 100 joules

Since both the samples are at an initial temperature of 25°C

The final temperature for each substance.

Given: Amount of sample = 5.00 gram

thus m = 5 gram

For this question we can use the formula of specific heat capacity;

c = \(\frac{Q}{m dt}\)

c = 100/ 5 ×25

= 0.8 J/ kg-J

Thus on using the same formula we get

0.8 × 5 × dt =  100

dt = 100/ 2 × 0.8

dt = 25°C

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Sugar is a simple carbohydrate consisting of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen molecules which are linked by covalent bonds.

The chemical covalent bonds are a type of chemical bond in which atoms that differ in their electronegativity share electrons to maintain cohesion i.e., intramolecular cohesion, while sugar molecules may interact by glycosidic bonds.

Therefore, with this data, we can see covalent bonds bind atoms in the sugar molecule while glycosidic bonds are those required to connect different sugar and thus form a complex macromolecule or polysaccharide.

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Taking into account the definition of molarity, 4.08 grams of ammonium sulfide are present in 3.00 L of a 0.0200 M solution.

Molar concentration or molarity is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution and indicates the number of moles of solute that are dissolved in a given volume.

The molarity of a solution is calculated by dividing the moles of solute by the volume of the solution:

\(Molarity=\frac{number of moles}{volume}\)

Molarity is expressed in units \(\frac{moles}{liter}\).

In this case, you know:

Replacing in the definition of molarity:

\(0.0200 \frac{moles}{liter}=\frac{number of moles}{3 L}\)

Solving:

0.0200  \(\frac{moles}{liter}\)× 3 L= number of moles

0.06 moles= number of moles

On the other side, the molar mass is the amount of mass that a substance contains in one mole. In this case, the molar mass of ammonium sulfide is 68 g/mole.

Then, the amount of mass contained in 0.06 moles is calculated as:

0.06 moles×\(\frac{68 grams}{1 mole}\)= 4.08 grams

Finally, 4.08 grams of ammonium sulfide are present in 3.00 L of a 0.0200 M solution.

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Answer:

4.09 is the correct answer.

Generally, if the value of K is greater than 1, we say that the reaction favors the products. This makes sense mathematically because the concentration of the products goes in the numerator of the equation.

In a chemical equilibrium equation, the equilibrium constant (K) is determined by the concentrations of the reactants and products. The equilibrium constant expression is written as [Products] / [Reactants], where the concentration of the products is in the numerator and the concentration of the reactants is in the denominator.

When the value of K is greater than 1, it means that the concentration of the products is larger compared to the reactants. This indicates that the reaction is more likely to proceed in the forward direction and favor the formation of products. Conversely, if the value of K is less than 1, the concentration of the reactants is larger, suggesting that the reaction favors the formation of reactants.

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Answer:

1) A

2) B

3) E

4) D and E

5) E

6) A

PbI₂ would have the lowest solubility in a solvent mixture containing 1.0 M Pb(NO₃)₂ (aq) (option b)

The solubility of PbI₂ is affected by the common ion effect, which states that the presence of a common ion in the solution can decrease the solubility of a salt. Pb(NO)₂ and MgI₂ both contain ions that are common to PbI₂ , so their presence in the solution would decrease the solubility of PbI₂.

Option c contains the ion I- which is a part of PbI₂ and would lead to an increase in solubility.

Option e contains the ion Cl- which is not a part of PbI₂ and would not have any effect on its solubility. Pure water does not contain any common ions, but its solubility would still be higher than that of options b and d due to the low solubility product constant (Ksp) of PbI₂.

Therefore, options b and d would result in the lowest solubility of PbI₂ at identical temperatures.

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Complete question:

The solubility of PbI₂ (Ksp = 9.8 x 10-9) varies with the composition of the solvent in which it was dissolved. In which sol­vent mixture would PbI₂ peratureshave the lowest solubility at identical tem?

a. pure water b. 1.0 M Pb(NO₃)₂ (aq)

c. 1.5 M KI(aq) d. 0.8 M MgI₂(aq)

e. 1.0 M HCl(aq)

Answer:

7. Chemical

8. Chemical

9. Physical

10. Physical

11. Physical

12. Physical

Explanation:

The molar mass of the gas is 65.3 g/mol

The number of mole of the gas can be obtained by using the ideal gas equation as illustrated below:

PV = nRT

Divide both side by RT

n = PV / RT

n = (1.04 × 0.854) / (0.0821 × 302)

n = 0.0358 mole

Molar mass = mass / mole

Molar mass = 2.34 / 0.0358

Molar mass of gas = 65.3 g/mol

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Answer:

65.3 g/mol

Explanation:

use the ideal gas law with molar mass formula

M = mRT/PV

m= 2.34 g

V = 0.854 L

T = 302k

P = 1.04

R = 0.0821

just plug those in and solve

Answer:

B. 4.76 atm

Explanation:

\(P_1\) = Initial pressure = 3.8 atm

\(T_1\) = Initial temperature = \(25+273.15\ \text{K}\)

\(P_2\) = Final pressure

\(T_2\) = Final temperature = \(100+273.15\ \text{K}\)

From Gay Lussac's law we have

\(\dfrac{P_2}{P_1}=\dfrac{T_2}{T_1}\\\Rightarrow P_2=P_1\dfrac{T_2}{T_1}\\\Rightarrow P_2=3.8\times\dfrac{100+273.15}{25+273.15}\\\Rightarrow P_2=4.76\ \text{atm}\)

The pressure inside the can would be \(4.76\ \text{atm}\).

Answer:

The proportionality constant ( Henry’s constant) = 2.32 * 10^-5 M/kPa

Explanation:

Here in this question, we are concerned with calculating the proportionality constant for this gas.

Mathematically, we can get this from Henry law

From Henry law;

Concentration = Henry constant * partial pressure

Thus Henry constant = concentration/partial pressure

Henry constant = 0.00290 M/125 kPa = 2.32 * 10^-5 M/kPa

This is a lipid diagram.

what type of diagram is this?

Answer: A lipid diagram

is it a proteins or lipid diagram?

Answer: A lipid diagram

Given the equation H₂CO₃ + 2KOH --> K₂CO₃ + 2H₂O the salt is K₂CO₃ (Option C)

This is a reaction which involves an acid and a base where the products obtained are salt and water only.

Acid + Base --> Salt + water

Equation of the reaction is given below:

H₂CO₃ + 2KOH --> K₂CO₃ + 2H₂O

From the above reaction, the products are

We know already that the formula for water is H₂O.

Thus, K₂CO₃ is the salt

Therefore, we can conclude that the salt in the given equation is K₂CO₃ (Option C)

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