for a particular spontaneous process the entropy change of the system , δssys , is -72.0 j/k.

Answer:

D

Explanation:

there are 5 electrons in the outer shell of the first picture

According to electronic configuration, model 1 shows 5 electrons in the outer shell of the atom.

Electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons which are present in an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.It describes how each electron moves independently in an orbital.

Knowledge of electronic configuration is necessary for understanding the structure of periodic table.It helps in understanding the chemical properties of elements.

Elements undergo chemical reactions in order to achieve stability. Main group elements obey the octet rule in their electronic configuration while the transition elements follow the 18 electron rule. Noble elements have valence shell complete in ground state and hence are said to be stable.

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Answer:

New ideas would be created and tested

Explanation:

All old ideas would be discarded.

Scientific evidence would be weakened.

New ideas would be created and tested.

The limitations of science would be evident.

In science, old ideas are usually improved or modified and not entirely discarded. The old ideas form the basis for new ideas after extensive reviews. Differences in the interpretations made by scientists on any particular phenomenon give rooms for reviews. The reviews often generate new ideas or hypotheses and these can be tested using relevant experimental procedures according to the scientific method.

Hence, the correct answer would be that new ideas would be created and tested.

Step 1: Deriving the derivative of the logistic activation function.

Step 2: Calculating the input of neuron j (net j).

Step 3: Deriving the expression ∂w_jk / ∂E(x).

Let's go through the steps and derive the expression you mentioned.

Step 1: Deriving the derivative of the logistic activation function

We start with the logistic activation function:

φ(v) = 1 / (1 + exp(-v))

To find its derivative, we differentiate φ(v) with respect to v:

φ'(v) = d/dv [1 / (1 + exp(-v))]

Using the quotient rule, we can differentiate the numerator and denominator separately:

φ'(v) = [0 - (1) * (exp(-v))] / (1 + exp(-v))²

Simplifying, we get:

φ'(v) = exp(-v) / (1 + exp(-v))²

Expanding the denominator:

φ'(v) = exp(-v) / (1 + 2exp(-v) + exp(-2v))

Simplifying further:

φ'(v) = 1 / (1 + exp(-v)) * (exp(-v) / (1 + exp(-v)))

Canceling out the common terms:

φ'(v) = 1 / (1 + exp(-v)) * (1 - 1 / (1 + exp(-v)))

Combining the fractions:

φ'(v) = φ(v) * (1 - φ(v))

Therefore, the derivative of the logistic activation function φ(v) is given by:

φ'(v) = φ(v) * (1 - φ(v))

Step 2: Calculating the input of neuron j (net j)

The input of neuron j (net j) can be calculated as:

net_j = ∑(i=1 to p) (W_ji * X_i + Threshold)

Where:

X_i is the activation of the previous layer neuron i.

W_ji is the weight going from node i to node j.

Threshold is the bias or threshold value.

Step 3: Deriving the expression ∂w_jk / ∂E(x)

To derive the expression, we'll use the chain rule and simplify it using the results from Steps 1 and 2.

Assuming E(x) is the error function, and we are taking the partial derivative with respect to the weight w_jk, the expression is:

∂w_jk / ∂E(x)

Using the chain rule, we have:

∂E(x) / ∂w_jk = ∂E(x) / ∂net_j * ∂net_j / ∂w_jk

Now, let's simplify each term:

∂E(x) / ∂net_j = -2 * (t_j - y_j) (where t_j is the target output and y_j is the actual output of neuron j)

∂net_j / ∂w_jk = X_k (where X_k is the activation of the previous layer neuron k)

Multiplying the two terms together:

∂E(x) / ∂w_jk = -2 * (t_j - y_j) * X_k

Now, we'll substitute φ(net_j) with y_j, using the result from Step 1:

φ(net_j) = y_j

Finally, using the derivative result from Step 1, we have:

∂E(x) / ∂w_jk = -2 * (t_j - y_j) * X_k * φ(net_j) * (1 - φ(net_j))

Substituting y_j with φ(net_j), we get the desired expression:

∂E(x) / ∂w_jk = -y_j * φ(net_j) * (1 - φ(net_j)) * (t_j - y_j)

Therefore, we have shown that:

∂w_jk / ∂E(x) = -y_j * φ(net_j) * (1 - φ(net_j)) * (t_j - y_j)

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Answer:

A climograph is a graphical representation of the climate of a particular location over a period of time. It typically shows the average temperature and precipitation for a specific location over the course of a year, with the temperature plotted on the y-axis and the months of the year plotted on the x-axis.

The primary function of a climograph is to provide a visual representation of the climate of a particular location, which can be useful for understanding the weather patterns and temperature ranges that are typical for that location. Climographs can also be useful for comparing the climate of different locations, as they provide a convenient way to see how temperature and precipitation patterns differ from one place to another.

Aerobes are organisms that require oxygen to grow and survive. The correct answer is: aerobes.

They have metabolic pathways that depend on the presence of oxygen for efficient energy production through aerobic respiration. Without oxygen, aerobes cannot carry out their metabolic processes effectively.

Facultative anaerobes, on the other hand, can grow and survive in the presence or absence of oxygen. They have the ability to switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways depending on the availability of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, facultative anaerobes can utilize aerobic respiration, and in the absence of oxygen, they can switch to anaerobic fermentation.

Anaerobes are organisms that do not require oxygen for growth and can even be inhibited or killed by its presence. They have metabolic pathways that allow them to carry out fermentation or other anaerobic processes for energy production.

Therefore, the correct answer is aerobes, as they specifically require oxygen to grow.

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Answer: Ionic attractions

Explanation:

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Yes, the aerosol given off by an e-cigarette can contain dangerous chemicals, such as nicotine, ultrafine particles, volatile organic compounds, and heavy metals.

Inhaling these chemicals can increase the risk of lung and heart disease.

E-cigarettes are becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to tobacco-based cigarettes. However, many people are unaware of the potential dangers associated with using e-cigarettes. The aerosol produced by e-cigarettes can contain not only nicotine, but also other chemicals and particles that can be harmful to the user’s health. These include ultrafine particles, volatile organic compounds, and heavy metals such as lead and nickel.

When these particles and chemicals are inhaled, they can cause inflammation and irritation of the lungs and airways, leading to a variety of respiratory illnesses.

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Answer:

25

E

12

Explanation:

As shown in the pic

Mass number = 12 + 13 = 25

Atomic number = No of protons = 12

The electrochemical cell involves the transfer of electrons from the anode to the cathode, which is driven by the difference in reduction potentials between the two half-reactions.

The cell notation for this electrochemical cell would be:
Mn(s) | MnO2(s) || Cu2+(aq) | Cu(s)
In this notation, the anode is represented by the half-cell on the left-hand side of the double vertical lines, while the cathode is represented by the half-cell on the right-hand side.
The anode half-reaction is:
Mn(s) → Mn2+(aq) + 2e-
This indicates that solid manganese is being oxidized to Mn2+ ions and losing two electrons in the process.
The cathode half-reaction is:
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s)
This indicates that copper ions are being reduced to solid copper and gaining two electrons in the process.
Overall, the electrochemical cell involves the transfer of electrons from the anode to the cathode, which is driven by the difference in reduction potentials between the two half-reactions. This allows for the generation of an electric current that can be used for various applications.

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In water, ionic substances dissolve quickly. This sentence outlines how water molecules are polar nature. A polar covalent molecule is water.

Due to the unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms and the molecule's (side) asymmetrical structure, a water molecule has two poles: a positive charge on the hydrogen pole (side) and a negative charge on the oxygen pole. The water molecule has a curved form, which means that the majority of the negative charge from the oxygen is on one side of the molecule and on the other atoms positive charge from hydrogen is present. As a result, the water molecule can be described as polar.

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Commercial agriculture can lead to water-quality problems because water can be used for irrigation and washing chemical products.

The term commercial agriculture makes reference to the techniques to produce high yields in extensive crops.

Commercial agriculture may lead to contamination problems due to the use of herbicides and pesticides.

In conclusion, commercial agriculture can often lead to water-quality problems because water can be used for irrigation and washing chemical products.

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Answer:

6,75 kilometres per hour

The moles of number can be calculated by making use of the ideal gas law, which is given by PV = nRT.

The pressure of the gas, P = 7.51 x 10^7 PaThe volume of the gas, Where:P is the pressure of the gas.V is the volume of the gas.n is the number of moles of the gas. R is the universal gas constant, which has a value of 8.314 J/(mol*K).T is the temperature of the gas in Kelvin.

The pressure of the gas, P = 7.51 x 10^7 PaThe volume of the gas, V = 2.05 LThe temperature of the gas in Celsius, T = 34 °C = 307 KNote: Kelvin = Celsius + 273Substituting the values into the ideal gas law,PV = nRT7.51 x 10^7 Pa × 2.05 L = n × 8.314 J/(mol*K) × 307 Kn = (7.51 x 10^7 × 2.05) ÷ (8.314 × 307)n = 601.3/2548.5n = 0.236 moles of gasThere are 0.236 moles of gas in the given system.

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Answer:

C

Explanation:

I guess

Answer:

c. carbon dioxide

Explanation:

its the highest percentage of gas produced compared to hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen.

Cyclops are heterotrophic

The molar solubility of sodium stearate in pure water is 0.00163 mol/L, and the solubility is 0.5 g/L.

To calculate the molar solubility and solubility of sodium stearate (C17H35COONA) in pure water, we need to consider the balanced equation for its dissolution and use the given molecular formula and molar mass.

First, let's write the balanced equation for the dissolution of sodium stearate in water:

C17H35COONA(s) ⇌ C17H35COO−(aq) + Na+(aq)

The molar solubility is defined as the number of moles of solute (sodium stearate) that dissolve per liter of solvent (water). To calculate it, we need to determine the concentration of the sodium stearate ions in the saturated solution.

The molecular formula of sodium stearate (C17H35COONA) indicates that for every molecule that dissolves, one C17H35COO− ion and one Na+ ion are produced. Therefore, the concentration of both ions will be the same in the saturated solution.

To find the molar solubility, we need to calculate the concentration of either the C17H35COO− ion or the Na+ ion. Let's use the C17H35COO− ion.

The molar mass of sodium stearate (C17H35COONA) is 306.44 g/mol.

Now, we can calculate the molar solubility:
Molar solubility = (mass of sodium stearate / molar mass of sodium stearate) / volume of water

Since we are working with pure water, the volume is 1 liter (1000 mL).

To find the solubility in grams per liter (g/L), we multiply the molar solubility by the molar mass of sodium stearate.

Example calculation:
If the mass of sodium stearate dissolved is 0.5 grams, the molar solubility would be:
Molar solubility = (0.5 g / 306.44 g/mol) / 1 L = 0.00163 mol/L
Solubility = 0.00163 mol/L * 306.44 g/mol = 0.5 g/L

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Answer:

Action given and reaction taken

Also known as

Newton's third law of motion

Explanation:

An action will be done such as bouncing a ball on the wall

- You throw the ball (Action)

- The ball bounces back (Reaction)

Hope this Helps

a 0.5222 −g sample of an unknown monoprotic acid was titrated with 9.98×10−2 . the equivalence point of the titration occurs at 23.72 ml. the molar mass of the unknown acid is 220.63 g/mol.

To find the molar mass of the unknown monoprotic acid, we can use the concept of stoichiometry and the given information from the titration.

The equivalence point of the titration occurs when the moles of acid are equal to the moles of the titrant.

First, let's calculate the number of moles of the titrant used in the titration:

moles of titrant = volume of titrant × molarity of titrant

moles of titrant = 23.72 ml × (9.98×10^(-2) mol/ml)

moles of titrant ≈ 2.3666 × 10^(-3) mol

Since the unknown acid is monoprotic, the number of moles of the acid is equal to the number of moles of the titrant.

moles of acid = 2.3666 × 10^(-3) mol

Next, we can calculate the molar mass of the unknown acid using the formula:

molar mass (g/mol) = mass of acid (g) / moles of acid

Given that the mass of the acid is 0.5222 g and the moles of acid is 2.3666 × 10^(-3) mol, we can substitute these values into the formula:

molar mass (g/mol) = 0.5222 g / (2.3666 × 10^(-3) mol)

Calculating the value:

molar mass (g/mol) ≈ 220.63 g/mol

Therefore, the molar mass of the unknown monoprotic acid is approximately 220.63 g/mol.

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Answer:

A. The largest value is 7 and the smallest value is 1. Find the difference. 7 - 1 = 6.

Explanation:

Ammonia as proof that nitrate was converted to ammonia in the cultivation of nitrate broth Because amino acids are produced during protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism will always exist.

Nitrifying microorganisms in the soil change ammonia into nitrates. Nitrates are taken up by plants from the soil and used to assemble proteins. Animals may consume the plant, and its biomass may be used to produce animal protein.

The process of nitrate (NO3) being used as an electron acceptor for respiration microbes results in dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), also known as nitrate/nitrite ammonification.

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To raise the temperature of a 10.35g sample of carbon tetrachloride from 32.1°c to 56.4°c, 222.92J heat is required.

Heat is a form of energy and it is associated with the motion of particles. The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance depends on its mass, the specific heat capacity of the substance and the change in temperature.

The mass of carbon tetrachloride is given as 10.35g. The specific heat capacity of carbon tetrachloride is given as 0.85651 J/g°C and the change in temperature is given as 24.3°C. Putting these values into the formula: q = m × C × ΔTq = 10.35 g × 0.85651 J/g°C × 24.3°Cq = 222.92 J. Therefore, 222.92 Joules of heat are required to raise the temperature of a 10.35g sample of carbon tetrachloride from 32.1°c to 56.4°c.

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A. The final pH of the buffer will be 7.8.

B. The final pH of the buffer will be 4.5.

A. Preparation of 100 mL of a 0.125 M phosphate buffer with a pH of 7.8 using crystalline sodium phosphate mono basic monohydrate and crystalline sodium phosphate dibasic dodecahydrate:

To prepare 100 ml of a 0.125 M phosphate buffer with a pH of 7.8, you will require crystalline sodium phosphate mono basic monohydrate (NaH2PO4 H2O) and crystalline sodium phosphate dibasic dodecahydrate (Na2HPO4 12H2O).

The method of preparation is given below:

Take 0.369 g of NaH2PO4 H2O and 0.699 g of Na2HPO4 12H2O and dissolve them in about 70 ml of distilled water.

Mix the solution thoroughly and then make the final volume up to 100 ml with distilled water.

The final pH of the buffer will be 7.8.

B. Preparation of 100 mL of a 0.25 acetate buffer with a pH of 4.5 using crystalline sodium acetate and a solution of HCl:

To prepare 100 ml of a 0.25 acetate buffer with a pH of 4.5, you will need crystalline sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2) and a solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl).

The method of preparation is given below:

Dissolve 1.5 g of NaC2H3O2 in about 60 ml of distilled water.

Mix the solution thoroughly and add 1 ml of 1 N HCl solution to it.

Mix the solution again and then make the final volume up to 100 ml with distilled water.

The final pH of the buffer will be 4.5.

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Answer:

reaction 1 and reaction 4 both are decomposition reactions

while reaction 2 is double displacement reaction and reaction 3 and 5 are combination reactions

Reaction 1 and Option A is the correct answer as the first reaction is a decomposition Reaction of Lime stone.

A reaction in which the reactant breaks up/ decomposes into simpler parts (two or more products ) is called a Decomposition Reaction , It usually requires energy input.

It can be classified into three types

Reaction 1 i.e.

CaCO₃(s)  →  CaO (s) +  CO₂ (g) is a Thermal Decomposition Reaction ,

In this reaction Calcium Carbonate(lime stone) decomposes into  CaO (Quick Lime) and Carbon Dioxide Gas , CO₂ when heat is supplied .

Quick lime is a major constituent of cement and therefore this decomposition of Lime stone is done.

Therefore Reaction 1 and Option A is the correct answer as the first reaction is a decomposition Reaction of Lime stone.

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Answer:

Because both the bonding electrons come from the oxygen atom. Explanation: A coordinate covalent bond is formed when both the bonding electrons are coming from the same atom

Explanation:

The independent variable as we can see from the experiment that have been described in this case is the brand of fertilizer that was used in the study.

When we talk about an experiment, we are talking about the way by which the relation ship between the dependent and the independent variable could be studied. In the experiment, there is a dependent variable which would change values when the variable that is under study in the particular experiment changes value. We have to know that in the realm if science, it is only by the means of experiments that we can be able to establish cause and effect relationships.

In this case, we can see that the experiment that the students were working on has to do with trying to actually find out if  brand X fertilizer will affect the growth of Lily plants. This means that they were studying the effect of a fertilizer brand on the growth of the crops.

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Answer:

1.Frequency

2.Amplitude

3.Wavelength

4.Medium

5.Back and Forth

6.Up and Down

Explanation:

CORRECT ME IF I'm wrong

The mass of HONH2 required to dissolve in enough water to make 250.0 mL of solution having a pH of 10.00 is 3.20 x 10^-13 g.

The first step in solving this problem is to recognize that HONH2 can act as a weak base in water. To find the mass of HONH2 required to make a 250.0 mL solution of pH 10.00, we need to use the equation for the ionization of a weak base:

HONH2 + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + ONH2-

The equilibrium constant expression for this reaction is:

Kb = [H3O+][ONH2-] / [HONH2]

We can find Kb from the given pH:

pOH = 14.00 - pH = 4.00

pKb = 14.00 - pOH = 10.00

Kb = 1.00 x 10^-10

We also know that the concentration of ONH2- is equal to the concentration of H3O+ in this solution:

[ONH2-] = [H3O+] = 1.00 x 10^-4 M

Substituting these values into the Kb expression and solving for [HONH2], we get:

[HONH2] = Kb / [ONH2-] = 1.00 x 10^-10 / 1.00 x 10^-4 = 1.00 x 10^-14 M

Now we can use the definition of molarity to find the number of moles of HONH2 required:

Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution

moles of HONH2 = Molarity x liters of solution = 1.00 x 10^-14 mol

Finally, we can use the molar mass of HONH2 to convert moles to grams:

mass of HONH2 = moles of HONH2 x molar mass of HONH2

molar mass of HONH2 = 32.04 g/mol

mass of HONH2 = 1.00 x 10^-14 mol x 32.04 g/mol = 3.20 x 10^-13 g

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