How many kilojoules of heat must be supplied to 4.1 g of ice at -26C to convert it to steam at 147 C?

a) The sphere emits thermal radiation at a rate of 139.75 Watts.

b) The sphere absorbs thermal radiation at a rate of 37.66 Watts.

c) The sphere's net rate of energy exchange is 102.09 Watts.

To calculate the rates of thermal radiation emission and absorption, we can use the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which states that the rate of thermal radiation emitted or absorbed by an object is proportional to its surface area, temperature, and the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.

a) The rate of thermal radiation emitted by the sphere can be calculated using the formula:

Emitting Rate = emissivity * surface area * Stefan-Boltzmann constant * (\(temperature^4 - environment\ temperature^4\))

Plugging in the given values:

Emitting Rate = \(0.924 * (4\pi * (0.457)^2) * 5.67 \times 10^{-8} * ((32.2 + 273.15)^4 - (82.9 + 273.15)^4)\)

Emitting Rate ≈ 139.75 Watts

b) The rate of thermal radiation absorbed by the sphere can be calculated in a similar way but using the environment temperature as the object's temperature:

Absorbing Rate = emissivity * surface area * Stefan-Boltzmann constant * (\(environment\ temperature^4 - temperature^4\))

Plugging in the given values:

Absorbing Rate = \(0.924 * (4\pi * (0.457)^2) * 5.67 \times 10^{-8} * ((82.9 + 273.15)^4 - (32.2 + 273.15)^4)\)

Absorbing Rate ≈ 37.66 Watts

c) The net rate of energy exchange is the difference between the emitting rate and the absorbing rate:

Net Rate = Emitting Rate - Absorbing Rate

Net Rate = 139.75 Watts - 37.66 Watts

Net Rate ≈ 102.09 Watts

Therefore, the sphere emits thermal radiation at a rate of 139.75 Watts, absorbs thermal radiation at a rate of 37.66 Watts, and has a net rate of energy exchange of 102.09 Watts.

Note: The units for all the rates are Watts.

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Answer: 0.04M

Explanation:

Tetraoxosulphate(VI) acid has a formula of H2SO4.

The concentration of the whole acid is 0.02M, and there are 2 hydrogens in the formula. That means we multiply 0.02M * 2, giving the answer of 0.04M.

Another visual explanation...

H2SO4 = H2(2+) + SO4(2-)

There are two hydrogens, the double amount of concentration of H2SO4, giving the answer of 0.04M.

Answer: the heat is rapidly changing

Explanation: as the heat continues to rapidly change so does the chemical as it also starts to change, so in a way you could use the example of a skateboard moving. This is because theres also friction in the skateboard which is made from the two things moving together and the heat is slowly increasing causing a reaction to the skateboard wheels so in a way it can cause more rapid changes

With the increase in heat or temperature, the rate of reaction will increase as more molcules will get kinetic energy for effective collisions.

The rate of reaction can be d as defined the speed at which the products are fromed from the reactants. The rate of a reaction provides information on how much time under which a chemical reaction can be completed.

The rate of a chemical reaction can be defined as the speed of the conversion of the reactants into products with time. Some reactions are instantaneous, while some chemical reactions take time to achieve the final equilibrium.

In some reactions, a catalyst can be used to increase the rate of the reaction.  The catalyst provides the speed to the reaction in both forward and backward reactions by lowering the activation energy.

The pressure of the gaseous reactants increases, and the concentration of gases results in an increase in the rate of reaction.  With an increase in the temperature, the average kinetic energy of the reactant molcules will be raised.

Therefore, more molecules will go under effective collisions. Therefore, the rate of reaction will be increased.

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When drawing the Lewis structure of a molecule, start by determining the total number of available valence electrons based on each element's group number. Then, use the total number of electrons needed for each element to be stable, generally based on its charge, to determine the ionic charge by finding the difference between the number of needed and available electrons divided by two.

For example, for a neutral oxygen atom in Group 6A or 16, it has six valence electrons. To achieve a stable octet, it needs two more electrons, which makes its ionic charge -2. Similarly, a nitrogen atom in Group 5A or 15 has five valence electrons, and it needs three more electrons to achieve a stable octet, which makes its ionic charge -3.

Once you have determined the ionic charges for each element in the molecule, you can start constructing the Lewis structure by placing the atoms in a way that satisfies the octet rule, where each atom (except hydrogen) has eight electrons in its outermost shell

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In the crystalized form of aluminum sulfate, Al₂(SO₄)₃xH₂O, the value of x which represents the molecules of water is approximately 6.

The formula mass of Al₂(SO₄)₃ can be calculated as follows:

Al = 2 x 26.98 = 53.96 g/mol

S = 3 x 32.06 = 96.18 g/mol

O = 12 x 16.00 = 192.00 g/mol

Total formula mass = 53.96 + 96.18 + 192.00 = 342.14 g/mol

The relative formula mass of hydrated aluminum sulfate is 666, so the mass of water in the formula can be calculated as:

mass of water = 666 - 342.14 = 323.86 g/mol

Since the formula for water is H₂O, the number of water molecules in the formula can be calculated as:

number of H₂O molecules = 323.86/18.02 = 17.92

Since there are 3 sulfate ions in the formula, the number of water molecules per sulfate ion can be calculated as:

number of H₂O per sulfate = 17.92/3 = 5.97

Therefore, the value of x in the formula  Al₂(SO₄)₃xH₂O is 6 (rounded up).

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Each biogeochemical cycle demonstrates the conservation of matter. Option C.

The three most productive approaches were the direct binding of nitrogen and oxygen the reaction of nitrogen with calcium carbide, and the direct binding of nitrogen and hydrogen. Five main processes transport nitrogen through the biosphere-atmosphere, and geosphere nitrogen fixation nitrogen uptake by growth mineralization of nitrogen by decay nitrification, and denitrification.

The main product of nitrogen fixation is ammonia. In the nitrogen cycle, the formation of ammonia occurs and the decomposition to nitrates and nitrites occurs in four stages: assimilation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. weathering. Uptake by plants. Ingestion by animals. Dismantle and return to the environment. Ammonification or mineralization is carried out by bacteria to convert organic nitrogen to ammonia.

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The concentration of the sodium chloride solution is 0.00425 mol/L or 4.25 mM (millimolar).

To calculate the concentration of the solution, we need to determine the amount of solute (sodium chloride) per unit volume of solution.

We are given that 3 grams of sodium chloride are dissolved in enough water to make 12 liters.

First, we need to convert the mass of sodium chloride to moles:

- molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g/mol

- moles of NaCl = mass/molar mass = 3 g / 58.44 g/mol

                          = 0.051 mol

Next, we need to calculate the concentration of the solution, which is expressed in units of moles per liter (mol/L):

- concentration = moles of solute / volume of solution

                         = 0.051 mol / 12 L

                         = 0.00425 mol/L

Therefore, the concentration of the sodium chloride solution is 0.00425 mol/L or 4.25 mM (millimolar).

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Butanal is the next family member after Propanal. Its chemical formula is C₄H₈O.

Butanal is an aldehyde with the chemical formula C₄H₈O. It is a four-carbon compound that has an oxygen atom double bonded to the carbon of the carbonyl group. The compound can be produced by oxidation of butanol. It has a pungent odor and is used in the production of flavors and fragrances.

Butanal has a linear structure, and it can be represented by its ball and stick diagram. The carbon atoms in the diagram are represented by the balls, while the bonds are represented by the sticks. The oxygen atom is represented by a red ball, while the hydrogen atoms are represented by white balls.

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Answer: Gains an extra electron in 2p orbitals it's option Y (1s²,2s², 2p⁶

The light reaction is known as the first stage of photosynthesis process. The ultimate source of electrons that are transferred during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is water.

The light dependent reaction is also called the photolysis in which solar energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. This reaction generally occurs in the grana of chloroplasts.

The ultimate source of electrons supplied to the photosynthesis reaction is water. The light energy from the sun is generally used for the splitting of water into oxygen, electrons and 4H⁺ ions.

Thus the ultimate source of the electrons in light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is water.

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Answer:

this is Daltons atomic theory

Answer:

this means that energy cannot be created or destroyed

Explanation:

it is because energy can change into many different forms such as heat or nuclear during chemical reactions

answer:

it is usually stored in large above-ground tanks or in underground caverns

good luck :)

hopefully, this helps

have a great day !!

**next time you should try goo-gling it, it'll save you the points :)**

Answer:

64567000000 nanolitres

Explanation:

Base 10 decimal system: 1 milli = 1000000 nano

We simply multiply 64,567 millilitres by 1000000 to get our number in nanolitres:

64567(1000000) = 64567000000 nanolitres

Answer:

I think its B. a rocket resting in the docking claps just before the launch sequence is to begin.

Explanation: Sorry if its wrong

Answer:

Iodine. The reaction between hot iron and iodine vapor produces gray iron(II) iodide, and is much less vigorous. This reaction, the equation for which is given below, is difficult to carry out because he product is always contaminated with iodine. Iodine is only capable of oxidizing iron to the +2 oxidation state.

∂c/∂t represents the rate of change of concentration with respect to time, D is the diffusion coefficient, and ∇·(D∇c) represents the divergence of the diffusion flux.

(a) The total amount of pollutant in the region R can be found by integrating the concentration c(x,y,z,t) over the volume V of the region R. Mathematically, it can be expressed as:

Total amount of pollutant = ∫∫∫V c(x,y,z,t) dV

(b) It is reasonable to assume that the flow J of the pollutant is proportional to the gradient of the concentration, as this relationship is based on Fick's law of diffusion. According to Fick's law, the flow of a substance is proportional to the concentration gradient. Mathematically, it can be expressed as:

J = -D ∇c

Where J is the flow of the pollutant, D is the diffusion coefficient, and ∇c is the gradient of the concentration.

(c) To derive the partial differential equation governing the diffusion of the pollutant, we can apply the continuity equation, which states that the rate of change of the concentration in a given volume is equal to the divergence of the flow. Mathematically, it can be expressed as:

∂c/∂t = -∇·J

Using the relationship from part (b), we can substitute it into the continuity equation:

∂c/∂t = ∇·(D∇c)

This is the partial differential equation governing the diffusion of the pollutant, where ∂c/∂t represents the rate of change of concentration with respect to time, D is the diffusion coefficient, and ∇·(D∇c) represents the divergence of the diffusion flux.

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The number of electrons are needed to fill the outer shell of the given figures are 4,1 & 3 respectively.

Lewis dot structure shows the boding within the molecule by showing the number of electrons and lone pairs present in each atoms present in that molecule.

As we know that bonding in any molecule takes place to complete the octet configuration of outer most shell and get stability.

Hence required no. of electrons are 4,1 & 3 respectively.

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10.8 moles of H2O would be produced in this reaction from 5.4 moles of O2.

Balanced chemical equations are balanced in terms of molar amounts of reactants and products as well as at the molecular level. Thus, this reaction can be written as "two moles of hydrogen react with one mole of oxygen to form two moles of water."

The balanced chemical equation for the formation of water (H2O) from the reaction of hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2) is:

2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O

According to the equation, 2 moles of H2 and 1 mole of O2 combine to form 2 moles of H2O.

Hence, we would require half as many moles of O2 to generate 10.8 moles of H2O, or:

10.8 mol H2O × (1 mol O2 / 2 mol H2O) = 5.4 mol O2

Thus, 10.8 moles of H2O must be produced in this reaction from 5.4 moles of O2.

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Answer: Answer: The correct answer is a. 0.223 grams, b. 3.36 × 10²¹ and c. 2.79 × 10⁻³ mol.

Explanation:

Beryllium with 2 valence electrons would be able to pair with Se with 6 valence electrons. Option D.

Atoms form bonds with one another based on the number of valence electrons present in their outermost shell. Electrons are either donated, received, or paired.

In order for bonds to form, the participating atoms try to assume an octet structure, In other words, each atom tries to have a completely filled outermost shell. Thus, atoms with only a few electrons in their outermost shells readily donate them while those with just a few electrons remaining to fill up their outermost shell readily accept them.

Be has 2 outermost electrons, Se has 6. Be will readily donate the 2 outermost electrons while Se will readily accept 2 electrons for completely filled shell.

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Carbon dioxide has one more resonance form than ozone.

Define resonance.

In resonance, more than one or two Lewis structures can each represent a single substance (or molecule). The overall Lewis structure of a chemical (or molecule) is a mix of the two.

One of the three resonance structures in carbon dioxide, or CO2, is a significant contributor. Four valence electrons from carbon and six from each oxygen atom make up the total of 16 in the CO2 molecule. All three resonance structures have full octets of atoms, however structure 1 will be more stable and so contribute more because it lacks charge separation.

Because both oxygen atoms have formal charges, structures 2 and 3 exhibit charge separation. Furthermore, the stability of these two complexes is further diminished by oxygen having a positive charge.

We have two significant resonance structures for ozone, both of which are equally important to the molecule's overall hybrid structure. The required 18 valence electrons are provided by both configurations (6 from 3 bonds and 12 as lone pairs placed on the oxygen atoms).

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Answer:

Biofuel: Fuel from living matter

Conservertion of energy: It's a law where energy, when bodies/particles touch in a close system stays constant.

Conduction: Where via touch heat/electricity travels to a diffrent thing.

It is not consumed and speeds up a reaction.

What is Catalyst?

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. It works by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur, which allows the reaction to proceed more quickly and with less energy input. Catalysts can be used in a wide range of industrial processes, from the production of chemicals and fuels to the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and food products.

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. Catalysts work by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur, which allows the reaction to proceed at a faster rate.

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Answer:

proton number for element X is 6

while proton number for element Y is 7

X and Y are in the same row but not the same family on the periodic table cause element X belongs to group 6 also known as carbon family while Y belongs to group 7 also known as nitrogen family

please refer to the attachment

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Answer:

HCI is a strong acid : HCI -> h^+  + CI^-                                                              [ H^+ ] = 1.0  x 10 ^-3  -> pH = -log[ H^+ ] = -log 10 ^-3 = 3

Explanation:

Viewing the moon on the 7th day of the lunar cycle, 35% of the the lunar surface would be illuminated.

The moon is in its first quarter phase on the seventh day of the lunar cycle, which makes it seem as a half-circle in the sky. This occurs because the sun's surface is lighted exactly 50% of the time at this time.

The moon's other half was still completely opaque. Different regions of the moon will be illuminated on any given day depending on the moon's phase, which changes over the course of the lunar cycle.

On the seventh day of the cycle, when the moon will be in its first quarter phase, just half of the lunar surface will be fully illuminated by the sun.

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To draw the Lewis dot structure of FClO3, we first need to determine the total number of valence electrons in the molecule. Fluorine has 7 valence electrons, chlorine has 7, and oxygen has 6. There are three oxygen atoms, so that's a total of 18 electrons. The total number of valence electrons in FClO3 is:

7 (F) + 7 (Cl) + 18 (3 x O) + 1 (extra electron from F-) = 33

We then arrange the atoms in a way that satisfies the octet rule, meaning that all atoms (except hydrogen) should have 8 valence electrons around them. The central atom in this molecule is chlorine, which forms single bonds with each oxygen atom and one bond with fluorine. The Lewis dot structure of FClO3 with an F-Cl bond looks like this:

Cl: (7 valence electrons)
    |
F - Cl - O
    |
O   O   O
  (6) (6) (6)

Each oxygen atom has a lone pair of electrons, which gives them each 8 valence electrons. Chlorine has 6 electrons around it (2 bonds and 2 lone pairs), so it has a formal charge of +1.

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