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You're studying MN blood type (determined by one gene with two alleles) in Navajo Native Americans, and you get the following genotype counts: MM: 144 MN: 51 NN: 5 Based on these numbers, are the Navajo at Hardy-Weinberg for this blood group gene? (If individual genotype frequencies are all within 0.05 of expectations, consider that to be NOT DIFFERENT; if individual genotype frequencies differ by more than 0.05 from expectations, then consider that to be DIFFERENT) If they differ from HW. interpret the cause of the deviation They are not, likely caused by selection against the MM blood type They are at or near Hardy-Weinberg expectations for this gene They are not likely caused by selection favoring the NN blood type They are not likely caused by a Wahlund effect from interbreeding with neighboring tribes (or possibly inbreeding)
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Based on the number of MN blood group genotypes, they are not from the HW data, possibly due to the Wahlund effect of interbreeding with neighboring tribes (or maybe inbreeding)
In population genetics, the Wahlund effect is the buildup of heterozygosity (ie when an organism has two different alleles at a locus) in a population caused by the structure of subpopulations. That is, if two or more subpopulations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium but have different allele frequencies, the overall heterozygosity is less than if the entire population is in equilibrium. The underlying cause of this population subdivision could be a bottleneck to the geographic flow of genes followed by genetic shifts within the subpopulation.
Genotype frequency:
MM (p2) = 400/2000 = 0.2
MN(2pq) = 1200/2000 = 0.6
NN (q2) = 400/2000 = 0.2
Allele frequency:
Frequency M = p = p² + 1/2 (2pq) = 0.2 + 1/2 (0.6) = 0.2 + 0.3 = 0.5
Frequency N = q = 1-0.5 = 0.5.
Expected genotype frequencies (assuming Hardy-Weinberg):
MM (p²) = (0.5)² = 0.25
MN (2pq) = 2(0.5)(0.5) = 0.5
NN (q²) = (0.5)² = 0.25
Expected number of individuals from each genotype:
MM = 0.25 X 400 = 100
MN = 0.5 X 1200 = 600
NN = 0.25 X 400 = 100
CHI-SQUARE (X²):
X² = Σ(O-E)²/E
X² = (400-100)²/400 + (1200-600)²/1200 + (400-100)²/40
X² =225 + 180 + 200
X² =630
X² (Calculated) > X² (table), then reject the null hypothesis. Not on HWE.
Therefore, conclude there is a statistically significant difference between what was observed and what was expected under Hardy-Weinberg. That is, the null hypothesis is rejected and concludes that the population is not in HWE. They don't, possibly due to the Wahlund effect of interbreeding with neighboring tribes (or possibly inbreeding).
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Place the steps of tissue repair in order from start to finish.
Instructions:
1. Bleeding into the cut.
2. Formation of granulation tissue and fibroblastic phase of repair.
3. Scab formation; macrophages become active.
4. Epithelial regeneration; fibrosis; remodeling phase.
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The steps of tissue repair in order from start to finish are 1, 3, 2, 4.
The method of tissue repair follows some steps below especially when the damaged tissue are in close apposition.
These steps in order from start to finish include:
Bleeding into the cut: This is the homeostasis stage. As the wound bleeds, the aim of this stage is to stop the bleeding by activation of emergency repair system, the blood clotting system.Scab formation; macrophages become active: This is the inflammatory stage. Phagocytes such as the macrophages begin to remove the dry blood clot called scabs and cell debris. Formation of granulation tissue and fibroblastic phase of repair: This stage is called the proliferation stage. Granulation tissue which contains new capillary buds, phagocytes and fibroblasts, develops. Fibroblasts continues to secrete collagen fibres for the tissue restoration.Epithelial regeneration; fibrosis; remodeling phase: This is the maturation stage. Here, the granulation tissue is replaced by fibrous scar tissue and rearrangement of the collagen fibres occurs, increasing the strength of the wound.Therefore, the steps of tissue repair in order from start to finish are 1, 3, 2, 4.
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Write a three (3) paragragh response to this: "A realistic mutation that would greatly benefit the human
race would be..."
Describe the mutation or change and tell how it could happen and why it would be beneficial. The mutation must
be realistic and your response should be detailed, giving examples of the change(s) and whether it would all be
positive or if there could be negative situations, as well.
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A potential realistic mutation that could greatly benefit the human race is an increased resistance to infectious diseases.
Realistic human mutationOne potential realistic mutation that could greatly benefit the human race is an increased resistance to infectious diseases. Such a mutation could occur through various mechanisms, including natural selection, genetic engineering, or epigenetic modifications.
This mutation would be beneficial because it would improve the health and well-being of individuals, reduce healthcare costs, and potentially prevent pandemics and global health crises. For example, a mutation that enhances the activity of immune cells or increases the expression of antimicrobial peptides could help individuals fight off infections more effectively and reduce the likelihood of spreading infectious diseases to others.
However, it is important to note that there could be potential negative consequences associated with this mutation. For instance, increased resistance to infectious diseases could lead to a reduction in the diversity of the human microbiome, which could have implications for overall health and immune function.
Additionally, it is possible that infectious agents could evolve in response to this mutation, potentially leading to the emergence of new and more virulent strains of pathogens. Therefore, it is important to consider the potential risks and benefits of any mutation carefully and to approach genetic engineering with caution.
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In clover plants, the pattern on the leaves is determined by a single gene with multiple alleles that are related in a dominance series. The gene is not pleiotropic. Seven different alleles of this gene are known; an allele that determines the absence of a pattern is recessive to the other six alleles, each of which produces a different pattern All heterozygous combinations of alleles show complete dominance
a. How many different kinds of leaf patterns (including the absence of a pattern) are possible in a population of clover plants in which all seven alleles are represented? phenotype that could be represented by only a single genotype? you can identify a few plants representative of all possible pattern types. Explain this finding.
b. What is the largest number of different genotypes that could be associated with any one phenotype? Is there any
c. In a particular field, you find that the large majority of clover plants lack a pattern on their leaves, even though you can identify a few plants representative of all possible pattern types.explain this finding
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Answer:
The correct answer is -
a. 7
b. 7 (p1p1, p1p2, p1p3, p1p4, p1p5, etc
c. p7 is abundant
Explanation:
According the question the dominance of the big leaves is p7 > p6 >p5 >p4 >p3 >p2 >p1 where 1 represent least dominance and 7 represent most dominance
let represent the phenotype with the numbers 1 to 7 and genotype with a combination of these numbers so the genotype in respect of phenotype would be :
p7p7,p7p6, p7p5, p7p4, p7p3, p7p2, p7p1 - most dominant 7
p6p6, p6p5, p6p4, p6p3, p6p2, p6p1 - 6
p5p5, p5p4, p5p3, p5p2, p5p1 - 5
p4p4, p4p3, p4p2, p4p1 - 4
p3p3, p3p2, p3p1 - 3
p2p2, p2p1 - 2
p1p1- 1 least dominant
Thus, there are 28 different combinations or patterns of genotypes. 7 phenotypes patterns.
If you wanted to study the surface of a newly discovered bacterial cell, which microscope would you use?
Modern light microscope
Any of the above
Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron microscope
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Answer:
Modern light microscope
Explanation:
because light microscope has course adjasment
PLEASE HELP 15 POINTS DUE 2/16/23
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1. Water will flow out of the cell. The cell will shrink.
2. Water will flow in both directions. The cell will remain the same.
3. Water will flow into the cell. The cell will burst.
Osmosis and water movementWater moves in and out of the cell through a process called osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
If the concentration of solutes (particles) is higher inside the cell than outside, water will move from outside the cell to inside, causing the cell to swell. If the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell than inside, water will move from inside the cell to outside, causing the cell to shrink.
The movement of water in and out of the cell is important for maintaining the cell's shape and size, and for regulating the concentration of solutes inside the cell.
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Infection occurs when the host is exposed to pathogens. what type of pathogen uses the cell's metabolism, and replicates itself while destroying the cell or changing the cell's genetic makeup?
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Infection occurs when the host is exposed to pathogens. the virus uses the cell metabolism, and replicates itself while destroying the cell or changing the cell's genetic makeup.
A virus is a tiny protein pocket with genetic material inside of it. Because they lurk inside cells, viruses present a significant challenge to the immune system of the body. Antibodies have a hard time getting to them because of this. Since the surface of infected cells changes as the virus multiplies, some immune system cells known as T-lymphocytes may recognize and kill cells containing viruses.
When viruses are discharged from infected cells, antibodies made in reaction to infection or prior immunization will effectively knock them out. Viral infections are not treated by antibiotics. Antiviral medications, therefore, differ from antibiotics in that they function by inhibiting viral enzymes instead.
Therefore, viruses are pathogens that utilize the metabolism of cells. can either kill the cell or alter its genetic makeup as it reproduces. Because viruses are so basic, they employ their host cells to carry out their functions.
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Who is the narrator in Exhalation?
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Fuwaad, the protagonist of the first story, acts as a kind of archetype for the remaining stories in Exhalation. First-person narrator Fuwaad spends time telling a story before disclosing his innermost feelings regarding the circumstances.
An enclosed universe is home to a mechanical being in the title story, "Exhalation." The unnamed narrator examines its own brain in order to better understand how its memories function and discovers that its thoughts are powered by air.
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PLEASE HELP!!
In the figure above, arteriole 1 is vasodilated and arteriole 2 is vasoconstricted. What can we conclude based on the underlined statement?
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Answer:
Target tissue 1 will receive more blood volume than target tissue 2
Women
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Answer:
i agree?
Explanation:
How can the organization of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems in a multicellular organism be sequenced?
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The level of organization in a multicellular organism begins with the individual cells. These individual cells form a tissue, and the tissues make up an organ. A group of organs forms an organ system, and in turn, these organ systems make up an organism.
What is an organism?
An organism is any living entity that is capable of carrying out essential life functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and adaptation to its environment. Organisms can be single-celled or multi-celled, and they can be classified into different kingdoms, including bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. Each organism has unique characteristics that enable it to thrive in its particular environment. These characteristics can be genetic, physiological, anatomical, or behavioral. Organisms are important components of ecosystems, playing critical roles in maintaining the balance of natural systems and contributing to biodiversity.To know more about organism, click the link given below:
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The organization of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems in a multicellular organism can be sequenced using a combination of histology, imaging, molecular biology, developmental biology, and systems biology techniques.
What is organization of cells?
Organization of cells refers to the arrangement and structure of cells within an organism, which allows them to perform specific functions. In multicellular organisms, cells are organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems, each with a particular function and structure that contributes to the overall function of the organism. The organization of cells is essential for the proper functioning of the organism, as it allows for the coordination of different processes and the maintenance of homeostasis.
The organization of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems in a multicellular organism can be sequenced using a variety of techniques. Here are some common approaches:
1. Histology: Histology studies the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues. It involves the preparation of tissue sections, staining, and examination under a microscope. Histology can help to identify the different types of cells, tissues, and organs present in an organism.
2. Imaging: Imaging techniques such as X-ray, CT scan, MRI, ultrasound, and PET scan can provide a non-invasive way to visualize the internal structures of an organism. These techniques can be used to study the morphology and function of organs and organ systems.
3. Molecular biology: Molecular biology techniques such as PCR, DNA sequencing, and gene expression analysis can be used to study the molecular basis of cellular and tissue organization. These techniques can be used to identify the genes and proteins involved in the development and maintenance of different organs and tissues.
Therefore, a combination of these techniques can sequence the organization of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems in a multicellular organism.
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which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse
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This question is incomplete because the options are not given; here is the complete question:
Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse?
A. Break down or digested into inactive fragments.
B. Collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release.
C. Drifting away from the synapse via diffusion.
D. Reuptake within the pre-synaptic neuron.
The answer to this question is B. Collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release.
Explanation:
The word synapse refers to the neurological structure that allows the transmission of signals or information between neurons. This process occurs through neurotransmitters, which are the molecules or substances with the messages.
Moreover, in this process, there can be in some cases excess. In this situation, the body reacts to this excess by degrading or breaking down the extra neurotransmitters, eliminating it through diffusion, or even reabsorbing it (reuptake). In this context, all are processes that occur due to excess neurotransmitters except collection by scavenger vesicles because in most cases neurotransmitters are simply absorbed or eliminated but there are not specialized scavenger vesicles that collect them.
Answer: B) Collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release.
The options are:
A. Break down or digested into inactive fragments.
B. Collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release.
C. Drifting away from the synapse via diffusion.
D. Reuptake within the pre-synaptic neuron.
Explanation:
The word synapse refers to the neurological structure that allows the transmission of signals or information between neurons. This process occurs through neurotransmitters, which are the molecules or substances with the messages.
Moreover, in this process, there can be in some cases excess. In this situation, the body reacts to this excess by degrading or breaking down the extra neurotransmitters, eliminating it through diffusion, or even reabsorbing it (reuptake). In this context, all are processes that occur due to excess neurotransmitters except collection by scavenger vesicles because in most cases neurotransmitters are simply absorbed or eliminated but there are not specialized scavenger vesicles that collect them.
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the stages of mitosis and the process of cytokinesis draw and label a cell in each stage
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These phases are prophase, prometaphase, and metaphase, Cytokinesis is the final physical cell division and is considered the sixth phase of mitosis.
What are the stages of mitosis and cytokinesis?Cytokinesis begins in the phase of cell division. and ends in telophase, extending completion as the next interphase begins. The first obvious change of cytokinesis in an animal cell is the sudden aspect of a pucker, or cleavage furrow, on the cell surface.
Mitosis and each of the two meiotic divisions result in two unrelated nuclei contained within a single cell. Cytokinesis performs a crucial process to separate the cell in half and ensure that one nucleus ends up in each daughter cell.
So we can conclude that Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells, overhangs with the final stages of mitosis.
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A research scientist studied the effects of various treatments on the growth of poplar trees. He decided to treat a large sample of saplings with a fertilizer, continual irrigation, irrigation and fertilizer and a control group (non-continual irrigation and no fertilization). He placed one quarter of all saplings into each of the groups and then measured their mass differential after 3 weeks. Did the treatment have an effect on the growth of the trees
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Answer:
hello your question is incomplete attached below is the screenshot of the missing part
answer : The treatment had an effect on the growth of the trees
Explanation:
H0 : No significant effect
Ha : At least one treatment has a significant effect
To confirm the above hypothesis ( conduct one way ANOVA )
From the one way Anova
( X represents each group; from control to Fertilizer and irrigation )
∑ X1^2 = 0.2338 , ∑ X2^2 = 1.8284, ∑X3^2 = 0.1982, ∑X4^2 = 11.8492
Also : ∑ N = 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 20 where N = number of trees in each group
also K represents number of groups i.e. = 4
Next calculate the sum of squares ( calculated using online tools )
i) Between sum of squares: value = 4.6824
ii) Within sum of squares : value = 4.3572
Next step : Calculate the degrees ( DF)
i) Between degrees of freedom
Dfb = k - 1 where K = 4 therefore Dfb = 3
ii) within degrees of freedom
Dfw = N - k , where N = 20 and K = 4 therefore Dfw = 16
Next : calculate mean sum of squares
i) Between mean sum of squares
= 4.6824 / 3 = 1.5608
ii) within mean sum of squares
= 4.3572 / 16 = 0.2723
Calculate the F-statistic value
\(F_{calculated }\) = Between mean sum of squares / within mean sum of squares
= 1.5608 / 0.2723 = 5.73
determine the F critical value
Fcritical = \(F_{3,16,0.05}\) = 3.2389 ( obtained from F table )
since \(F_{calculated } > F_{critical}\) hence we can say The treatment had an effect on the growth of the trees i.e. Reject H0
Describe the modification of FGF5 pre-mRNA that leads to the production of both the FGF5-L and FGF5-S proteins.
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Answer:
Splicing of exons and exclusion of introns
-mRNA that is transcribed from DNA usually has large regions of genetic code that just do not code for anything. This is a pretty conserved phenomenon among eukaryotes, to have meaningless sequences of DNA (introns) separating the meaningful sequences of DNA (exons). Introns must be spliced out of mRNA so that its translation leads to a functional protein.
Explanation:
Can you think of any potential solutions to reduce the damage human activity is causing to the Appalachian mountains?
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To protect mountains, promote the development of policies that enhance the management of mountain ecosystems including biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, climate change mitigation and adaptation.
What do you mean by ecosystem?An ecosystem consists of all the organisms and the physical environment with which they interact. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.
Ecosystems are organized to better understand the frame of reference in which they are being studied. They are organized from smallest to largest; organism, population, community, ecosystem.
An ecosystem includes soil, atmosphere, heat and light from the sun, water and living organisms.
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tion 5 of 50
An investigation is an example of
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An investigation is an example of research.
What is research?Research is the process of gathering and analyzing information in order to answer a question or solve a problem. Investigations are a type of research that is typically conducted to gather evidence about a crime or other incident. Investigators may gather evidence through interviews, document reviews, and physical examinations. They may also use scientific techniques, such as DNA testing or fingerprint analysis.
The goal of an investigation is to gather enough evidence to determine what happened and who is responsible. This information can then be used to bring charges against the perpetrator or to take other necessary steps.
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Jose Salazar has been hospitalized following a motor vehicle accident. He has several broken bones, including his left jaw, two ribs on the left side, and a compound fracture of his left leg. According to his medical record, he is 47 years old, his height is 5'9", and his weight is 171 pounds. During the course of his hospital stay, he was diagnosed with a heart arrhythmia. His current medications include lovastatin to lower his cholesterol, an MAO inhibitor to treat depression, and an analgesic to treat his pain. Mr. Salazar's wife also reports that he takes several herbal products including yohimbe, kava, valerian, and St. John's wort. Which herbal product taken by Mr. Salazar may be causing his heart arrhythmia?a. yohimbeb. kava kava onlyc. St. John's wortd. valerian onlye. both valerian and kava kava
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Answer:
a. yohimbeb
Explanation:
Heart arrhythmia is a heart disease in which the heart does not work properly. The main cause of heart arrhythmia is yohimbeb which is used as a medicine for increasing sexual desires but this herbal product also has side effects such as causing heart problems such as heart arrhythmia and kidney diseases. So the Jose Salazar should avoid the consumption of yohimbeb in order to control the heart disease.
The molecule pictured below produced a blue color when tested with Benedict’s reagent, a yellow color when tested with IKI, and a violet color when tested with Biuret reagent. Based on the structure shown below and these chemical results, what kind of biomolecule is this?
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If the molecule produced a blue color when tested with Benedict’s reagent, a yellow color when tested with IKI, and a violet color when tested with Biuret reagent, then based on these chemical results, the kind of biomolecule is a protein.
What are the Benedict, IKI, and Biuret tests?The Benedict, IKI, and Biuret tests are different assays to determine the presence of reducing sugars, starch and proteins, respectively.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the Benedict, IKI, and Biuret tests can be used to determine the presence of proteins as the first two must show negative control color results
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In what ways do you think an organism and its cells would be helped by a warm temperature?
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Answer:
helps warm up
Explanation:
An organism and its cells would be helped by a warm temperature by warming up. Higher temperatures increase the rate of such reactions, up to a point where the temperature leads to the degradation of the enzymes or reactants.
What is an organism?"A living thing made up of one or more cells and able to carry on the activities of life (as using energy, growing, or reproducing) organism."
What is a cell?"Cell is the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body."
How does temperature affect the organisms?"Temperature has the single most important influence on the distribution of organisms because it determines the physical state of water. Most organisms cannot live in conditions in which the temperature remains below 0 °C or above 45 °C for any length of time."
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The four main types of macromolecules found in organisms are
Answers
Answer:
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Explanation:
group of students is walking in the park, and one of them takes a picture of a pollen grain that is being blown by the wind. What caption can the student use for this picture?
gene mutation in action
gene flow at work
genetic drift as it happens
natural selection in progress
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Answer:The answer is "gene flow at work."
Explanation:
AB blood type illustrates the principle of
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The AB blood type has both A and B alleles.This illustrates principle of co-dominance
Is a sandstone or a limestone older
Answers
Answer:
I think that limestone is older
Explanation:
What is achondroplasia?
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Achondroplasia is a type of short-limbed dwarfism. It has a particular feature of lacking cartilage formation. It is considered as autosomal dominant or can be inherited from parents to offspring. A copy of the modified gene can cause this disorder. It is dominant because its main feature if dwarfism.
The picture shows a group of muscle cells. They can contract to cause movement. How does the structure of a muscle cell support its function? O A. Its flexible walls allow it to pass through tight spaces. OB. Its size allows it to store many lipid molecules. OC. It contains long fibers that can lengthen and shorten. OD. Its long, narrow shape allows it to send signals.
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In a longitudinal wave, the parts where the coils are close together are called what.
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Answer:
The answer is compressions.
Explanation:
A compression is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are closest together. Hope this helped :)
Answer: compressions
Hope this help :)
Name the organ that helps a turtle to swim in water?
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Answer:
Turtles utilize all four of their legs, extending them to propel themselves through the water.
Explanation:
The adaptive structure and function of leaves and stems helps the plantQuestion options:create its own energy.produce diploid gametes.produce haploid gametes.prevent wilting.
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The answer is to create its own energy.
*The adaptive structure and function of leaves and stems help the plant create its own energy.
*Leaves and stems of the plants are a site for photosynthesis, a process in which plants are able to make their own food. Photosynthesis uses water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide to convert it into oxygen and simple sugar which the plant uses.
*Solar energy is captured by the plant's leaves and is stored in the plant in the form of chemical energy.
Which of the following could cause low blood pressure?
A nervous system malfunction stimulating muscles to contract
A kidney malfunction that removes more water than normal
An endocrine response speeding up the number of hormones produced throughout the body
Buildup of fats and plaque found inside the arteries of the heart
Answers
Answer:
B) A kidney malfunction that removes more water than normal
Explanation:
Just took the test :)
Also, the answer choice is worded differently for me. The alternative answer is "A kidney malfunction that removes more water than normal".