in most natural population, missense mutations are less frequent than synonymous mutations. what does this discrepancy tell you about the difference between the de-novo mutation rate and the standing mutation rate.
Answers
Missense mutations are deleterious and hence removed by natural selection than synonymous mutations, which are neutral or even slightly beneficial. Thus, missense mutations is not established and removed more quickly, resulting in lower standing frequency of missense mutations compared to synonymous mutations.
Missense mutations are those that change the amino acid in the sequence of proteins, resulting in the formation of a different protein or a dysfunctional protein.
Synonymous mutations are the type of mutations in which the RNA triplet codon changes but it does not change the amino acid to be formed, resulting in the same protein as before.
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Related Questions
Why are fish dying in Prospect Park Lake?
Fish are dying because the park keepers are putting too much fertilizer on the grass that then runs off into the water.
Fish are dying because the water comes from NYC tap water, which has added
phosphorus to prevent lead from lead pipes from leaching into the tap water.
Fish are dying because there is human waste in Prospect Park lake.
(this is 7th grade science). please help
Answers
Answer:
because of pollution
Explanation:
Which of the following kingdoms are not included under the domain Eukarya?
A Protista
B Bacteria
C Fungi
D Plantae
Answers
While Protista, Fungi, and Plantae belong to the domain Eukarya, bacteria are classified in a separate domain known as Bacteria. B Bacteria
The domain Eukarya includes organisms with eukaryotic cells, which have a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria, option B, are prokaryotic organisms and do not possess a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Therefore, bacteria are not included under the domain Eukarya.
On the other hand, the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, and Plantae are all part of the domain Eukarya. Protista is a diverse kingdom that includes various unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Fungi comprises multicellular, filamentous organisms such as mushrooms and molds. Plantae encompasses multicellular, photosynthetic organisms, including plants.
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Darwin’s ideas have been enhanced and modified as new knowledge and technologies have become available. Discuss how two of the following have modified biologists’ interpretation of Darwin’s original contributions. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium punctuated equilibrium genetic engineering
Answers
From Darwin's original contributions there are Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and genetic engineering.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: There is no evolution and the allele frequency remains constant throughout time when there is a large population, no migration, no mutations, random mating, and no natural selection. Hardy-Weinberg claims that the allele ratio is constant, contrary to Darwin's assertion that change occurs gradually.
Genetic engineering is the process of manipulating genes and DNA. Darwin spoke of a spontaneous gene transfer, despite the fact that GE can be human-directed. GMOs, for instance.Individual genes are modified by gene therapy in an effort to fix genetic flaws and hence prevent or treat hereditary illnesses. The goal of genetic engineering is to alter the genes to increase an organism's potential beyond what is typically possible.
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What kind of macromolecule is shown below?
снон
A. Lipid
B. Nucleic acid
C. Water
D. Carbohydrate
Answers
Answer:
carbonhydrate
Explanation:
took the quiz and got it right
How are structures G and F related? What are their names and how do they function?
Please helppp I’ll give brainliest
Answers
Answer:
F is the filament and G is the anther. The anther produces pollen (male reproductive cells). The filament holds the anther up. They are related because they are both male parts of a flower.
Explanation:
Hope this helps
what are some components that must be present in order for bacteria to grow?
Answers
What bacteria need to grow and multiply
Food (nutrients)
Water (moisture)
Proper temperature.
Time.
Air, no air, minimal air.
Proper acidity (pH)
Salt levels.
This map shows how climate change might affect precipitation patterns in the Great Plains of the United States by the end of this
century. Brown shows a decrease in precipitation, and blue shows an increase. The maps differ based on the predicted levels of
greenhouse gas emissions.
The maps show that northern areas should get____
Southern areas will likely_____
these maps to prepare for natural disasters in the Great Plains,
scientists need to ask,____
Answers
The question lacks the map however, on the basis of the provided information the answer as follows:
Answer:
Here, there is climate change is shown which might lead to changes in the pattern of the precipitation in the great plains of the US by the end of this century.
As it is mentioned that blue shows an increase in precipitation and brown is a decrease.
The maps show that northern areas should get more precipitation, regardless of emission levels.
Southern areas will likely get less precipitation, regardless of emission levels.
To use these maps to prepare for natural disasters in the Great Plains, scientists need to ask, to use these maps to be ready for natural disasters in the region that "How can we protect people and property in the event of a flood or a drought?"
Answer:
1. More precipitation, regardless of emission levels
2. Less precipitation, regardless of emission levels
3. How can we protect people and property in the event of a flood or a drought
In Morgan’s first experimental cross of fruit fly eye color, what was the phenotype of the F1 generation?
A.) 100% Red eyes
B.) 50% Red eyes; 50% white eyes
C.) 3 Red eyes to 1 white eyes
Which letter choice is correct?
Answers
What is an important component of ATP that is needed to transfer
and release energy directly?
Select one:
O a. Nitrogen
b. Phosphate
O c. Zinc
O d. Uracil
Answers
Answer:
b. Phosphate
Explanation:
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is an adenine nucleotide molecule with three phosphate groups. This molecule (ATP) is known as the energy currency of the cell because it releases energy by its hydrolysis to ADP and Phosphate. During ATP hydrolysis, the phosphate bonds are broken down, and this energy is used to power different cellular activities.
A.. Compare and contrast the morphology of the ghost crab and a typical trilobite in terms of their main body parts. Consult available references and see the Appendix (p. A-14) to compare their appendages. How are these organisms similar? How are they different? Similarities: Differences: B. The hole in the sand into which the ghost crab disappears is the entrance to a burrow made by the crab as a dwelling place ("domichnion"). The burrow is surprisingly long (up to a meter) and has a side branch leading to the surface. Why would the crab go to the extra work of making two entry ways?
Answers
A. Morphology of ghost crab and a typical trilobite in terms of their body parts:
Ghost crab is a crustacean and possesses a hard exoskeleton that provides protection against predators. It has five pairs of legs. Its body is divided into two segments: the cephalothorax and the abdomen. The cephalothorax is covered by a carapace that protects the gills and internal organs. The eyes of the ghost crab are located on stalks that allow the crab to have a 360-degree vision.
A trilobite is an extinct arthropod that lived during the Paleozoic era. It has three parts: the head (cephalon), the thorax, and the pygidium. The cephalon was the most developed part of the trilobite and had a pair of compound eyes and antennae. The thorax was composed of a series of segments, each of which had a pair of legs. The pygidium was composed of a series of segments and served as the tail. The trilobite had an exoskeleton that was divided into three parts: the dorsal part, the ventral part, and the pleural part.
In terms of appendages, both ghost crab and trilobite have jointed appendages.
However, there are some differences. The appendages of the ghost crab are specialized for walking and digging. The first two pairs of legs are pincers that are used for capturing prey. The last three pairs of legs are used for walking and burrowing. The appendages of the trilobite are more varied and are specialized for different functions. Some appendages were used for swimming, some for crawling, and some for capturing prey.
Similarities: Both ghost crab and trilobite are arthropods. They have jointed appendages and a hard exoskeleton that provides protection against predators. Both have an anterior cephalothorax and a posterior abdomen.Differences: The body plan of ghost crab is bilateral, while that of trilobite is radial. Ghost crab is a living organism, while trilobite is extinct. Ghost crab has five pairs of legs, while the number of legs in trilobites varied. Trilobite has a more complex morphology with specialized appendages.
B. The reason why the ghost crab goes to the extra work of making two entryways: The crab makes two entryways to its burrow to improve ventilation and prevent the accumulation of toxic gases. The side branch allows fresh air to enter the burrow, while the main entrance allows the crab to exit quickly if it senses danger. The side branch also helps the crab to dispose of waste material. The burrow also serves as a protection against predators and harsh environmental conditions. The burrow provides a stable temperature and humidity that is necessary for the survival of the crab. The long burrow allows the crab to move deep into the sand where it can stay moist and avoid desiccation.
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What is an allele?
A.The gene for a specific trait.
B.One of 2 copies of a gene.
C.The same thing as a gene
Answers
Answer:
B
Explanation:
the answer is .A........
What is the role of oxygen in photosynthesis
Answers
Answer:
as fare as I can remember oxygen is actually a waste product that is produced at the end of a plant's photosynthesis cycle
Explanation:
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Why can the skin lose its softness?
Answers
The skin can lose its softness due to a variety of factors such as aging, exposure to harsh environmental conditions, dehydration, and improper skin care.
The skin can lose its softness due to a variety of factors such as aging, exposure to harsh environmental conditions, dehydration, and improper skin care. As we age, our skin naturally loses its elasticity and moisture, which can lead to a rougher texture. Additionally, exposure to UV rays, pollution, and extreme temperatures can damage the skin's protective barrier, making it more prone to dryness and roughness. Lastly, not properly moisturizing or exfoliating the skin can also contribute to a loss of softness. It is important to maintain a consistent skincare routine and protect the skin from harsh conditions to keep it soft and supple.
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No links!!! Brainiest marked if answered correctly!!!!! Please help me out!!!
How are photosynthesis and respiration similar?
Group of answer choices
A. They both take place inside cells.
B. They both trap energy
C. They both have oxygen as a reactant.
D. They both break down glucose.
Answers
Answer:
A
Explanation:
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How does bacteria help rid the earth of dead animals?
Bacteria will bury the bodies of dead animals.
Bacteria will the bodies of dead animals.
Bacteria helps with the decay process.
Answers
Answer:
Bacteria helps with the decay process
Explanation:
DNA is double stranded, but only one strand is used as a template for transcription. How does the cellular machinery determine which strand to use as the template? Choose the best answer.
It always starts on the 5′ end closest to the centromere. The sequence of the DNA that will be transcribed determines which strand will be used. It always starts on the 5′ end. The location and orientation of the promoter determine which strand will be used.
Answers
The cellular machinery determines which strand of DNA to use as the template for transcription based on the location and orientation of the promoter.
During transcription, only one strand of the double-stranded DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of RNA. The cellular machinery determines which strand to use by identifying the location and orientation of the promoter. The promoter is a specific sequence of DNA located near the beginning of a gene.
The promoter region contains binding sites for transcription factors, which are proteins that regulate gene expression. These transcription factors recognize and bind to the promoter sequence, marking the start site for transcription. The orientation of the promoter determines which DNA strand will be used as the template, as the transcription process.
Therefore, the cellular machinery uses the location and orientation of the promoter to determine which strand of DNA will be used as the template for transcription. This ensures that the correct genes are transcribed and translated into functional proteins.
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Which characteristics of bacteria help them infect other organisms? Check all of the boxes that apply.
Answers
The complete question is as follows:
Which characteristics of bacteria help them infect other organisms? Check all of the boxes that apply. Bacteria reproduce quickly. Bacteria have a protective layer called a capsule. Bacteria can evolve quickly because they can pass on genetic information. Bacterial infections cause symptoms that transfer the bacteria to new hosts.
Answer:
The correct answer is - all options are correct.
Explanation:
Bacteria can infect other organisms due to their different type of characteristics. These microorganisms infect the host cell by attacking them and increase their number rapidally. Host cell tries to kill these bacteria but these bacteria cells have a tough protective layer around their body prevent from any chemical or immune response.
Bacteria cells have a great feature to evolve fast in few generations which helps them developing resistance according to the condition for their survival.
Answer:
a b c d e f
basically all of them the answer above me explains it
food and territory are balancing factors in an ecosystem what type of phenomena balance these factors
Answers
Answer:
uhh either natural and reproductive pretty sure it's reproductive
a merodiploid bacterium contains four copies of a particular allele, introduced via recombination on the genome.
true/false
Answers
The statement that a Merodiploid Bacterium contains four copies of a particular allele, introduced via recombination on the genome, is false.
A merodiploid bacterium refers to a partial diploid state where an additional copy of a specific region of the bacterial Chromosome is present. This occurs when a bacterium acquires a piece of DNA containing one or more genes from another bacterium, typically through processes such as conjugation, transformation, or transduction. These processes allow for genetic recombination, which is the exchange or rearrangement of genetic material between different organisms or within the same organism.
In the case of a merodiploid bacterium, there is a Duplication of a particular chromosomal region, resulting in the presence of two copies of some genes, rather than the typical single copy found in a haploid bacterium. This extra genetic material can be found on a plasmid, an extrachromosomal genetic element, or as part of the bacterial chromosome itself. The presence of multiple copies of an allele may affect gene expression, phenotypic characteristics, and evolutionary processes.
Therefore, the statement that a merodiploid bacterium contains four copies of a particular allele is incorrect, as Merodiploidy typically results in the presence of two copies of specific genes, not four. Recombination is involved in introducing the extra genetic material, but the number of allele copies is inaccurately stated in the original question.
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limited resources on the galapagos islands result in?
Answers
What would be the Sec phenotype and N-linked glycosylation state of a GFP-secretory protein in a cell expressing a ts mutant Rab-GAPplasma membrane at the nonpermissive temperature?A. Class D with NAG glycosylationB. Class D with NANA glycosylationC. Class E with NAG glycosylationD. Class E with NANA glycosylationE. Wild type. Secreted with NANA glycosylation
Answers
The Sec phenotype and N-linked glycosylation state of a GFP-secretory protein in a cell expressing a ts mutant Rab-GAPplasma membrane at the nonpermissive temperature would be A. Class D with NAG glycosylation.
To determine the Sec phenotype and N-linked glycosylation state of a GFP-secretory protein in a cell expressing a ts mutant Rab-GAP plasma membrane at the nonpermissive temperature, we need to consider the characteristics and effects of the mutation on protein trafficking and glycosylation.
The ts mutant Rab-GAP (Rab GTPase-activating protein) is a temperature-sensitive mutant that affects vesicle trafficking and secretion. At the nonpermissive temperature, this mutant is expected to impair protein secretion and result in a defective Sec phenotype.
Based on the options, the most appropriate answer would be:
A. Class D with NAG glycosylation.
Class D refers to the secretion-defective phenotype, which aligns with the expectation of impaired secretion due to the ts mutant Rab-GAP. This phenotype indicates a defect in the secretory pathway and suggests that the GFP-secretory protein would not be efficiently secreted.
NAG glycosylation refers to N-acetylglucosamine, which is one of the sugar moieties that can be added to proteins during N-linked glycosylation. This glycosylation state is the most likely outcome considering the impairment in protein trafficking caused by the ts mutant Rab-GAP.
Therefore, the correct answer is A. Class D with NAG glycosylation.
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why are the regions of l2, the sacroiliac joint, and the site where the ureters join the urinary bladder particularly susceptible places for kidney stones to lodge in the ureters?
Answers
Regions of l2 areas of the ureter have smaller diameters than other areas.
The sacroiliac (SI) joints link the hip bone to the sacrum at the base of the spine. They offer a lot of power to balance strong pressures between the upper and lower bodies. 1,2 Due to their restricted range of motion and the extremely sturdy ligaments that connect them to the L5-S1 segment, these joints also safeguard the lowest-movement portion of the spine, L5-S1.
The sacroiliac joints are supported by a vast system of strong and durable ligaments, allowing the upper body to be supported in a solid but flexible manner.
The sacroiliac joint is formed by the articulation of the inner side of the hip bone (ilium), which resembles a butterfly, with the outer side of the sacrum of the spine.
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how does a cystoplasm’s structure relate to its function
Answers
What does seafloor spreading mean
Answers
Answer:
The formation of fresh areas of oceanic crust which occurs through the upwelling of magma at mid-ocean ridges and its subsequent outward movement on either side.
The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of remote work practices. It is highly likely that hybrid work models will become the norm at post-pandemic workplaces globally, as well as in South Africa. Hybrid work models would bring many challenges to both employees and managers in South Africa - a country also known for its diversity and inequalities.
QUESTION
Compare Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory and Alderfer’s ERG theory by critically applying these two theories to the above scenario. Make reference to appropriate interventions by senior managers in motivating both frontline employees as well as middle managers.
Answers
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs was transformed by Clayton Alderfer into the three-factor ERG model of motivation. According to Maslow's theory, people never reach a stable degree of need satisfaction.
In Alderfer's concept, the letters E, R, and G stand for existence, relatedness, and growth, respectively. A content theory of motivation is the ERG model. According to Alderfer's paradigm, these three demands are what drive all human motivation. Existence, which is the first of Alderfer's 3 necessities, is the most immediate and pressing necessity. It generally relates to both physical and psychological survival.
The need for a positive relationship with oneself, a sense of belonging, and relatedness has advanced. The least obvious but nevertheless important component of the ERG model is Alderfer's drive for growth, which is really tied to growth, happiness, and the experience of reaching one's potential.
Maslow's theory would imply that people should strive to meet their immediate needs while at work, and that managers and leaders should concentrate on assisting their teams in meeting one particular level of need at a time. Before going on to the next level of demands in Maslow's Hierarchy of demands, people must have satisfied the previous one. For instance, they must first have their demands for safety met before being driven by a sense of social connection.
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A student predicts that ice cubes with the same size, shape, and
volume will melt faster in a microwave than in a pot on the stove.
(Hypothesis: If the ice cubes are heated in the microwave, then they
will melt faster than if they are heated on the stove) How should this hypothesis be tested?
Be sure to explicitly mention the following:
- Independent variable
- Dependent variable
- Two controlled variables
- Type of data you will collect
- Type of tools you will use to collect your data
Answers
Answer: Answer is A. the heat is transferred from the drink to the ice cube, not transformed.
Explanation:
Independent variable: The type of heating method (microwave or stove).
Dependent variable: The time it takes for the ice cubes to melt.
Controlled variables:
The number of ice cubes.The size, shape, and volume of the ice cubes.The starting temperature of the ice cubes.The power setting of the microwave.The heat setting of the stove.Type of data: The time it takes for the ice cubes to melt.
Type of tools: A stopwatch and a thermometer.
The hypothesis can be tested by measuring the time it takes for ice cubes to melt in a microwave and in a pot on the stove, while controlling for the other variables.
The independent variable is the type of heating method (microwave or stove). The dependent variable is the time it takes for the ice cubes to melt. The controlled variables are the number of ice cubes, the size, shape, and volume of the ice cubes, the starting temperature of the ice cubes, the power setting of the microwave, and the heat setting of the stove.
To collect data, we can use a stopwatch to measure the time it takes for the ice cubes to melt in each condition. We can also use a thermometer to measure the starting temperature of the ice cubes.
To ensure that the results are accurate, it is important to control for the other variables. For example, we need to make sure that the number of ice cubes is the same in each condition, and that the ice cubes are the same size, shape, and volume. We also need to make sure that the starting temperature of the ice cubes is the same in each condition.
Once we have collected the data, we can analyze it to see if there is a significant difference in the time it takes for the ice cubes to melt in the two conditions. If there is a significant difference, then we can conclude that the hypothesis is supported.
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Please help, the question is "State the relative humidity at Albany when the air temperature is equal to the dewpoint. "
Answers
The relative humidity at Albany when the air temperature is equal to the dewpoint is 100%.
What happens when air temperature is equal to dew point?When the dew point rises to the discuss temperature, the discuss is immersed and the relative humidity is %100. The dew point temperature tells us nothing around how numerous water atoms are within the climate or how near the discuss is to a relative humidity of 100%.In Albany, the summers are warm and damp, the winters are solidifying and frigid, and it is incompletely cloudy year circular. Relative humidity is ordinarily communicated as a rate, a better rate implies that the air–temperature blend is more muggy. At 100% relative mugginess, the discuss is soaked and is at its dew point.Dewpoint temperature, is the temperature at which the water vapor in discuss at steady barometric weight condenses into fluid water at the same rate at which it dissipates.Learn more about Dewpoint temperature here: brainly.com/question/29769017
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Interferons, complement, lysozyme, and lactoferrin are all examples of A. specific antimicrobial factors. B. immune enzymes. C. nonspecific antimicrobial factors. D. cytokines.
Answers
Interferons, complement, lysozyme, and lactoferrin are all examples of C) nonspecific antimicrobial factors.
Nonspecific antimicrobial factors are components of the innate immune system that provide a broad defense against various pathogens. They are not specific to a particular microbe but act as general defense mechanisms. Interferons are proteins that interfere with viral replication and help limit the spread of viruses. Complement is a group of proteins that enhance the immune response by facilitating phagocytosis, promoting inflammation, and directly killing pathogens. Lysozyme is an enzyme that can break down the cell walls of bacteria. Lactoferrin is a protein that sequesters iron, limiting its availability for bacterial growth.
In summary, these examples all belong to the category of nonspecific antimicrobial factors, which serve as the first line of defense against a wide range of pathogens in the innate immune response.
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b. what type of media did you use (name and type, e.g. macconkey (not used here) which is selective and differential) and what components within this media helped select for these coliforms? (1 pt)
Answers
One of the most commonly used media for selecting for coliforms is the MacConkey agar, which is a selective and differential media.
The selective agents in the media inhibit the growth of non-coliform bacteria, while allowing the growth of gram-negative bacteria, including coliforms. The differential agents in the media, such as lactose, differentiate between coliforms based on their ability to ferment lactose.
The lactose-fermenting coliforms produce acid, which turns the media red/pink and indicates their presence. Non-lactose fermenting bacteria produce no color change, making it easy to distinguish between the two. Other media that may be used to select for coliforms include Eosin Methylene Blue agar (EMB) and Levine Eosin Methylene Blue agar (L-EMB), which are also selective and differential media.
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Directions Design a mock experiment that investigates how Screen Time (TV/Video Games/Computer/Phone ect.) can affect a student's performance at school.
Answers
Answer:
video games
Explanation:
there coool