interactions- ap biology shakked to do: read the three papers provided. for each paper, answer the questions below. submit your answers in writing. your submission must be presentable and demonstrate thinking. hairston, smith, and slobodkin 1960. community structure, population control, and competition 1. hss propose 3 observations that form the basis of their argument that terrestrial herbivores are primarily limited by predators. using no more than one sentence each, summarize these three observations (in your own words). 2. hss make an argument that inter-specific competition is actively occurring among decomposers. what observation do they offer to support this assertion? 3. hss make an argument that inter-specific competition is less actively occurring among species of predators and parasites. why to they suggest that this is the case?
Answers
1. Predators often have a greater impact on herbivores than other factors such as food availability.
2. Argue that interspecific competition is actively occurring among decomposers
3. Predators and parasites often have a larger impact on their prey/host populations than competition with other predators/parasites.
HSS propose that terrestrial herbivores are primarily limited by predators based on three observations: (i) populations of herbivores are often limited by predators, (ii) predators frequently have a significant impact on herbivore behavior and distribution, and (iii) predators often have a greater impact on herbivores than other factors such as food availability.
HSS argue that inter-specific competition is actively occurring among decomposers based on the observation that a combination of different decomposer species resulted in a more efficient decomposition of leaf litter than any single species alone.
HSS suggest that interspecific competition is less actively occurring among species of predators and parasites because these species tend to specialize in particular prey or hosts, thus reducing direct competition.
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Related Questions
population density is found by dividing the number of organisms in an ecosystem by the total area of the ecosystem. if 50 square meters of an ecosystem are surveyed and 5 rabbits are sighted, what is the estimated population density of the rabbits?
Answers
5 rabbits per 50 square meters which means 10 will be the population density in the ecosystem survey
A population is a collection of members of the same species who live and reproduce in one particular location. The population density, or the number of people per unit area, is determined by the total number of people residing in that particular area.Numerous creatures' location, development, and migration can all be described using population density.
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In the equation 6x – 2 = –4x + 2, Spencer claims that the first step is to add 4x to both sides. Jeremiah claims that the first step is to subtract 6x from both sides. Who is correct? Explain
Answers
In the equation 6x - 2 = -4x + 2, Jeremiah is correct in his claim that the first step is to subtract 6x from both sides.
Solving algebraic equationsTo solve the equation, the goal is to isolate the variable 'x' on one side of the equation. To do this, we need to eliminate the x-terms on one side.
If Spencer were to add 4x to both sides, the equation would become:
6x - 2 + 4x = -4x + 2 + 4x
Combining like terms, we would have:
10x - 2 = 2
However, subtracting 6x from both sides, as Jeremiah suggests, would give us:
6x - 6x - 2 = -4x - 6x + 2
To simplify, we have:
-2 = -10x + 2
Now, we can proceed with solving the equation by manipulating and simplifying further. But in terms of the first step, Jeremiah's approach of subtracting 6x from both sides is the correct choice to eliminate the x-terms on one side of the equation.
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Which substance is a reminder that oxygenic photosynthesis is the dominant type of photosynthesis on the planet?
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One substance that serves as a reminder of the dominance of oxygenic photosynthesis on the planet is molecular oxygen (O2). The presence of molecular oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere is a result of the oxygenic photosynthetic process carried out by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, making it an indicator of the prevalence of this type of photosynthesis.
Oxygenic photosynthesis is the process by which organisms, such as plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and molecular oxygen using sunlight as an energy source. This process is responsible for the production of oxygen gas (O2), which is released into the atmosphere as a byproduct. The accumulation of molecular oxygen in the atmosphere over billions of years has been a defining characteristic of our planet.
The high levels of oxygen in the atmosphere are a consequence of the prevalence of oxygenic photosynthesis. Other forms of photosynthesis, such as anoxygenic photosynthesis, do not produce molecular oxygen. Oxygenic photosynthesis is dominant because it is more efficient and allows organisms to extract energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy, enabling them to thrive and occupy diverse ecological niches.
Therefore, the presence of molecular oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere serves as a reminder of the dominance of oxygenic photosynthesis as the primary form of photosynthesis on our planet. It is an essential element that supports aerobic respiration, sustains diverse life forms, and contributes to the overall functioning of ecosystems.
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the provider receives fetal karyotype results on one of his clients. the karyotype describes an absence of all or part of the x chromosome. which condition does the fetus exhibit?
Answers
The provider receives fetal karyotype results on one of his clients. the karyotype describes an absence of all or part of the x chromosome the fetus exhibit Turner syndrome.
A condition that exists from birth is referred to as congenital. Congenital illnesses may be inherited or brought on by outside influences. Their effects on a child's health and development aren't necessarily negative; in fact, they can occasionally be fairly moderate. However, a child with a congenital disease may live a life of impairment or health issues.
It's normal to worry about congenital abnormalities if you're pregnant or planning a pregnancy, especially if the disorder in question runs in your family. There are steps you may do to lessen the likelihood that your child will be born with a congenital condition, and while not all disorders can be detected during pregnancy, some can.
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Which nitrogenous bases are considered pyrimidines?
Answers
Answer:
Cytosine and thymine are the two major pyrimidine bases in DNA and base pair (see Watson–Crick Pairing) with guanine and adenine (see Purine Bases), respectively. In RNA, uracil replaces thymine and base pairs with adenine.
Farmers and horticulturalists bred broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through
Answers
Farmers and horticulturalists bred broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through selective breeding and genetic manipulation
1. Selective Breeding: Farmers and horticulturalists choose individual plants with desired traits, such as larger leaves, bigger heads, or different colors, to reproduce. By selecting and breeding these plants over generations, they can gradually create new varieties with the desired characteristics. This process takes time and patience, as it involves selecting and crossbreeding plants with specific traits.
2. Genetic Manipulation: In addition to selective breeding, scientists can use genetic engineering techniques to accelerate the breeding process. They can introduce specific genes into the plants to enhance desired traits or create entirely new ones. For example, they can introduce genes that increase resistance to pests or improve nutritional content.
Overall, the breeding of broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the wild mustard plant combines the art of selective breeding with the science of genetic manipulation. This has allowed farmers and horticulturalists to create a diverse range of vegetables with different shapes, sizes, and flavors to meet various culinary preferences.
Complete question is as follows -
Farmers and horticulturalists bred broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through what?
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What would happen in a cell if cellular respiration stopped?
A.) Glucose breakdown would stop
B.) ATP production would increase
C.) Oxygen consumption would increase
D.) Glucose breakdown would increase
Answers
Answer:
I think that glucose breakdown would stop or A.)
Use the attached "Story Guidelines" Handout to write an imaginative story about a
person with a heightened sense! Your story should be at least three well-developed
paragraphs long. Have fun with it and be creative...be humorous!
IMPORTANT: Use the copy of the STEMScopedia for this unit to incorporate all of the
terms related to your character's heightened sense. For example, choose a specific
type of receptor (chemoreceptor, thermoreceptor, mechanoreceptor, photoreceptor,
nocicepter or propiorecepter), and then include the terms and parts of the body
related to those receptors. Weave it into an episode in the life of your character.
Answers
Copying is plagiarism
Nocicptor
Touch
Sense
Smell
Sight
Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body. Justify your answer.
Answers
Enamel is indeed the hardest substance in the human body. It is present in teeth of humans. It covers every tooth and provides the hard layer.
Tooth Enamel is hard glossy substance that is comprised of calcium and phosphate mineral crystals which in return makes our teeth more stronger. Teeth enamel care is extremely important to maintain the oral health of teeth.
Tooth Enamel is one of the major tissue that make up tooth in humans. It covers the top layer of the teeth known as Crown. Calcium hardens the tooth enamel. Enamel contains 96% of the minerals. The color of Enamel varies from light yellow to white.
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Questions why is the heating in the Benedict's is test and millon test carried out in a water bath
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The heating in the Benedict's test and Millon test is carried out in a water bath to maintain a constant and controlled temperature. This ensures accurate and reliable results by minimizing external factors that could influence the reactions taking place.
The Benedict's test and Millon test are both chemical tests used to detect the presence of reducing sugars, such as glucose, in a given solution. These tests involve a reaction between the reducing sugar and a reagent, which undergoes a color change in the presence of the sugar.
Heating is an essential step in both tests because it helps to facilitate the reaction between the reducing sugar and the reagent. By applying heat, the rate of reaction increases, allowing for faster and more reliable results. However, it is crucial to maintain a consistent and controlled temperature throughout the reaction to ensure accuracy.
A water bath is used for this purpose. A water bath consists of a container filled with water that is heated to a specific temperature, typically around 70-100 degrees Celsius, depending on the test being performed. Placing the test tubes containing the reaction mixture into the water bath allows the solution to be heated uniformly and consistently.
The water bath provides a stable and controlled environment, preventing sudden temperature fluctuations that could affect the reaction rate and, consequently, the test results. It helps to maintain the reaction at the desired temperature for a specified duration, ensuring optimal conditions for the reaction to occur.
By carrying out the Benedict's test and Millon test in a water bath, scientists and laboratory technicians can achieve reliable and reproducible results, allowing for accurate identification of the presence of reducing sugars in a given solution.
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What is the function of connective tissues
Answers
Answer:
Functions of Connective tissue:
It connects and provides support to the various organs of the body together.It surrounds organs and tissues such as muscles,nerves,bones,kidney etc.It helps to strengthen the structure and helps to repair the tissue .It provides support to the body and forms the rigid framework for the attachment of the muscles.Hope this helps...
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A field that is focused on preventing death, disease, and disability by reducing exposure to adverse conditions and prom es behavioral change is called public policy. O healthy visions. biodiversity implications. environmental health.
Answers
A field that is focused on preventing death, disease, and disability by reducing exposure to adverse conditions and promoting behavioral change is called environmental health.
Environmental health refers to the practice of preventing diseases, injury, and disability by reducing exposure to adverse environmental conditions and promoting behavior change. It is a field that is focused on identifying and assessing environmental factors that can affect human health and taking action to control or eliminate those factors. The field of environmental health deals with a wide range of issues, including air quality, water quality, food safety, hazardous waste management, and the effects of climate change.
It is an interdisciplinary field that brings together experts from many different fields, including public health, environmental science, toxicology, epidemiology, and engineering. Environmental health professionals work to promote healthy environments and prevent illness and disease by developing and implementing policies and programs that reduce exposure to environmental hazards and promote healthy behavior.
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PLEASE HELP!!! (I will mark brainliest)
All energy resources have an impact on our environment. Fossil fuels do substantially more harm than renewable energy sources by most measures, including air and water pollution, damage to public health, wildlife and habitat loss, water use, land use, and global warming emissions. It is important to understand the environmental impacts associated with producing power from renewable sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, and hydropower. The type and intensity of environmental impact from each resource varies depending on the technology used, the geographic location, and several other factors specific to each resource. 9) Harnessing wind power is one of the cleanest and most sustainable ways to generate electricity as it produces no toxic pollution or global warming emissions. Wind is also abundant and inexhaustible. But it has its disadvantages.
All BUT ONE could be considered a disadvantage to using wind power as a sustainable energy resource. A) Wildlife - Wind turbines negatively impact wildlife, most notably on birds and bats. B) Public health - People living close to wind turbines have complained about sound and vibration issues. C) Land use - Wind turbines can be sited on brownfields: abandoned or underused industrial land which significantly reduces concerns about land use. D) Competition - Off-shore wind facilities may compete with a variety of other ocean activities, such as fishing, recreational activities, and aquaculture.
Answers
Answer:
Wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, and hydropower also have environmental impacts, some of which are significant. Fossil fuels do substantially more harm than renewable energy sources by most measures. By understanding the potential environmental issues associated with each renewable energy source, we can takes steps to effectively avoid or minimize these impacts. Biomass power plants generate electricity from biomass that can be sustainably produced and utilized in the United States for energy and fuel, focusing on agricultural residues, waste materials, and forest biomass. In other regions enhanced geothermal systems (or hot dry rock geothermal), which involve drilling into the earth's surface to reach deeper geothermal resources, can allow broader access to geothermal energy.
Future of hydroelectric power in the United States will likely involve increased capacity at current dams and new run-of-the-river projects. Large-scale hydroelectric dams continue to be built in many parts of the world (including China and Brazil) There are environmental impacts at both types of plants. While actual impacts of large-scale operations have not been observed, a range of potential impacts can be projected.
Answer:
All energy sources have some impact on our environment. Fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—do substantially more harm than renewable energy sources by most measures, including air and water pollution, damage to public health, wildlife and habitat loss, water use, land use, and global warming emissions.
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between cytokinesis and mitosis? Mitosis includes interphase and cytokinesis. Cytokinesis precedes mitosis. Cytokinesis occurs during mitosis. Interphase includes cytokinesis and mitosis.
Answers
Answer:Cytokinesis occurs during mitosis
Explanation:
The cool relationship between cytokinesis and mitosis is that cytokinesis occurs during mitosis
What is mitosis?Mitosis can be defined as a special type of cell division in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells
The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replacement of worn out tissues.
The stages of mitosis are:
InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseLearn more about mitosis:
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1) which enzyme has the highest affinity for substrate? how do you know?
2) which enzyme can convert the most substrate to product in a given period of time? how do you know?
Answers
1) The enzyme that has the highest affinity for substrate is the enzyme that can bind to its substrate with the greatest strength.
2) The enzyme that can convert the most substrate to product in a given period of time is the enzyme that has the highest turnover number (kcat)
1) To determine which enzyme has the highest affinity for a substrate, you need to look at the enzyme's Km value. Km is the Michaelis constant, which represents the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half of its maximum velocity (Vmax). A lower Km value indicates a higher affinity of the enzyme for the substrate because it requires a lower concentration of substrate to reach half of its maximum velocity. You can find the Km value by analyzing enzyme kinetics data or referring to scientific literature.
2) To determine which enzyme can convert the most substrate to product in a given period of time, you need to consider the enzyme's turnover number, also known as kcat. The kcat is the number of substrate molecules that an enzyme can convert to product per unit time when the enzyme is fully saturated with the substrate. A higher kcat value indicates a higher rate of product formation in a given period of time. You can find the kcat value by analyzing enzyme kinetics data or referring to scientific literature.
In summary, you need to analyze the enzymes' Km and kcat values, which can be found in enzyme kinetics data or scientific literature. A lower Km indicates a higher affinity for the substrate, while a higher kcat indicates a higher rate of product formation in a given period of time.
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Frederick deposits $10,000 in a special bank account that
earns 6. 5% compounded quarterly. The amount of money.
A, in the account can be determined by the formula
A = 10,000 (1 + 0. 065) 4
where t is the number of years that the money is in the
bank. How much money does Frederick have after 5 years
Answers
After 5 years, Frederick would have approximately $13,648.98 in his account. We can use the formula for compound interest: A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)
To determine the amount of money Frederick has after 5 years, we can use the formula for compound interest:
A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)
Where:
A = the final amount of money
P = the principal amount (initial deposit)
r = the annual interest rate (as a decimal)
n = the number of times the interest is compounded per year
t = the number of years
In this case, Frederick deposited $10,000 with an interest rate of 6.5% compounded quarterly. This means n = 4 (quarterly compounding).
Plugging in the values into the formula:
A = 10,000 * (1 + 0.065/4)^(4*5)
A = 10,000 * (1 + 0.01625)^(20)
A = 10,000 * (1.01625)^(20)
Calculating this expression:
A ≈ 10,000 * 1.364898
A ≈ $13,648.98
Therefore, after 5 years, Frederick would have approximately $13,648.98 in his account.
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9. Organelles that make proteins by putting together chains of amino
acids A. Ribosomes B. Mitochondria C. Golgi complex D. Vacuole E.
Lysosomes F. endoplasmic reticulum *
Answers
Answer:
Ribosomes
Explanation:
Ribosomes link amino acids together to form proteins.
The ribosomes are responsible for carrying out the process of translation . They read the information stored in a molecule of mRNA and use that information to build a protein.
Hope this helps
which of the following organisms has the largest surface area to volume ratio?
A) Bactrium
B) Butterfly
C) elephant
Answers
Answer:
B) Butterfly
Explanation:
Smaller animals tend to have a larger surface area to volume ratios. Smaller animals have breathing and heart rate faster than that of larger animals.
Describe briefly the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination. Then, identify which pollination is applicable for chrysanthemums.
Answers
Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ of a flower to the female reproductive organ of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.
Cross-pollination, on the other hand, involves the transfer of pollen between the male reproductive organ of one plant to the female reproductive organ of a different plant, either of the same species or a different species.
In the case of chrysanthemums, they typically undergo cross-pollination. Chrysanthemum flowers possess both male and female reproductive organs within the same flower, but they have mechanisms that promote cross-pollination.
These mechanisms include the physical separation of the male and female parts, the release of pollen before the female reproductive organs become receptive, and the presence of certain barriers that prevent self-pollination.
These adaptations enhance genetic diversity and reduce the chances of inbreeding, leading to healthier and more robust offspring in chrysanthemums.
While chrysanthemums can undergo self-pollination under certain conditions, their natural reproductive strategy leans towards cross-pollination, with the assistance of pollinators like bees and butterflies.
This allows for the exchange of genetic material between different chrysanthemum plants, contributing to their overall genetic variability and adaptability.
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Please help me with this drawing contour lines. I will mark your brainlist if you answer it correctly.
Answers
Explanation: Use these images to find the borderlines and to understand what they are.
BRAINLIST PLS!
which procedure involves passage of a balloon catheter through an occluded coronary vessel to compress plaque against the artery walls?
Answers
The procedure that involves passage of a balloon catheter through an occluded coronary vessel to compress plaque against the artery walls is called percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), also known as coronary angioplasty.
During PCI, a catheter with a small balloon on its tip is threaded through a blood vessel to the site of the blockage in the coronary artery. The balloon is then inflated to compress the plaque against the artery walls and increase blood flow to the heart. A stent, a metal mesh tube, may also be placed in the coronary artery to help keep it open.
PCI is a minimally invasive procedure that can be performed quickly and effectively to relieve symptoms of angina and reduce the risk of a heart attack.
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The Lorax
What do you think the message in this film was? Write a half-page reflection on the movie.
Answers
The Modern World, where everything is artificial and ephemeral; where you have to pay for a "need" created or for clean air.
The greed of man to generate wealth and status regardless of the impact it generates on his environment, to be accepted by his family and society.
Unsustainable production systems, which destroy ecosystems and alter the life of the animals that live there.
Children living in the Modern World, who know little about the nature and the effect of our actions on the environment.
Caring for the environment is in the hands of the new generations, especially those who really care.
quizlet provider caring for a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) will be most concerned about which lab result? group of answer choices high level of eosinophils low neutrophil count decreased red blood cell (rbc) count very low helper t lymphocyte count
Answers
The lab result that a healthcare provider caring for a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) would be most concerned about is a very low helper T lymphocyte count.
Helper T lymphocytes, also known as CD4+ T cells, play a crucial role in coordinating the immune response and are the primary target of HIV.
HIV attacks and destroys these cells, leading to a progressive decline in the immune system's ability to fight infections. Therefore, a low helper T lymphocyte count indicates severe immunosuppression and an increased risk of opportunistic infections and complications associated with HIV.
While the other lab results mentioned (high level of eosinophils, low neutrophil count, decreased red blood cell count) may also be relevant in HIV management, a very low helper T lymphocyte count is the most critical indicator of the patient's immune status and overall disease progression.
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this is the spot where substrates attach to enzymes.
Answers
The spot where substrates attach to enzymes is called the "active site".
The active site is a specific region on the enzyme's surface that is complementary in shape and chemical properties to the substrate molecule. When a substrate molecule binds to the active site, it forms a temporary enzyme-substrate complex, which allows the enzyme to catalyze the chemical reaction and convert the substrate into a product. The active site is a critical component of enzyme function, and its specificity and efficiency play a key role in determining the enzyme's overall activity and effectiveness.
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What ecological problems do dinoflagellates cause?
Answers
Dinoflagellates can cause several ecological problems, including harmful algal blooms (HABs), red tides, and coral bleaching.
Dinoflagellates are a diverse group of unicellular, photosynthetic protists that are found primarily in aquatic environments, including both freshwater and marine habitats.
Some of the ecological problems brought by dinoflagellates are:
1. Harmful algal blooms (HABs): Some species of dinoflagellates produce toxins that can cause massive die-offs of fish, shellfish, and other marine organisms. These blooms can also contaminate drinking water and make it unsafe for human consumption.
2. Red tides: Dinoflagellates are responsible for the red tides that occur in coastal waters. These blooms can discolor the water, produce toxins, and cause respiratory problems in humans.
3. Coral bleaching: Some species of dinoflagellates can cause coral bleaching, which is the loss of the colorful algae that live in coral tissues. This can lead to the death of the coral and the loss of habitat for other marine organisms.
In conclusion, dinoflagellates can cause a variety of ecological problems, including harmful algal blooms, red tides, and coral bleaching. These problems can have a significant impact on marine ecosystems and the organisms that depend on them.
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compared to cells with normal gtp, what would result if a g protein-coupled receptor was activated but treated with a nonhydrolyzable version of gtp (a form of gtp that cannot be converted to gdp) that was taken up by the cells?
Answers
The result if a g protein-coupled receptor was activated but treated with a nonhydrolyzable version of gtp that was taken up by the cells will be higher cAMP and higher protein kinase A activity.
A transmembrane helical protein called a G- protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is physically connected to a smaller G protein at the cytosolic location. GTPase switch proteins include G-protein. Alpha, beta, & gamma are the three subunits that make it up. A catalytic subunit is the alpha subunit. Guanine nucleotides like guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and guanosine triphosphate interact with it (GTP). The alpha subunit is inhibited by the beta-gamma complex. If a g protein-coupled receptor was activated but treated with a nonhydrolyzable version of gtp the result will be higher cAMP and higher protein kinase A activity.
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A carbon atom has four valence electrons. How do all living things depend on this property and other special chemical properties of the carbon atom?
Answers
Answer:
It is for the fact that Carbon need to fill up its shell for order to make it coplete. Hense using Covelant bonds. Carbon therefore can connect to oxygen, hygrogen, and other carbon molecules. Also Carbon can connect in 4 ways to. It also can form 2 main covelant bonds
Explanation:
I am a bio teacher
Carbon is an element with four valence electrons which makes it possible to
form covalent bonds with other elements such as Hydrogen, oxygen etc.
Carbon has four valence electrons and needs an additional four in order to
achieve a stable octet configuration. This makes it react with other
elements . When an element has fewer or no valence electrons in the outer
shell, it becomes less reactive to ensure the stable configuration isn't altered.
This is why carbon is able to pair electrons with other elements through
covalent bonding to ensure that the octet configuration is achieved.
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The cellulose and lignin are
changed into other substances,
including _____and____
Answers
Click on one of the 6 "Biomes of the World" Choose one topic from the left column. Write
3 sentences describing the information in this topic.
Answers
A biome is a sizable region distinguished by its flora, fauna, soil, and climate.
Thus, Aquatic, grassland, forest, desert, and tundra biomes are the five main types, while some of these can be further broken down into more specialized groups, such as freshwater, marine, savanna, tropical rainforest, temperate rainforest, and taiga and climate.
Freshwater and marine biomes are both included in aquatic biomes. Bodies of water with a salt concentration of less than 1% are referred to as freshwater biomes and include ponds, rivers, and lakes.
Nearly 75 percent of the surface of the Earth is covered by marine biomes. The ocean, coral reefs, and estuaries are all examples of marine biomes.
Thus, A biome is a sizable region distinguished by its flora, fauna, soil, and climate.
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How long will it take for 40.0 grams of Radium-226 (Ra-226) to decay to leave a total of 2.5 grams of Ra-226? Ra-226 has a half-life of 1600 years.
Answers
Answer:
6400 years
Explanation:
Given that;
N/No =(1/2)^t/t1/2
No = amount of radioactive material originally present
N = amount of radioactive material present at time t
t= time taken for N amount of radioactive material to remain
t1/2 = have life of the radioactive material
2.5/40 = (1/2)^t/1600
1/16 = (1/2)^t/1600
(1/2)^4 = (1/2)^t/1600
4 = t/1600
t = 4 * 1600
t = 6400 years