Let X 1

,X 2

,…,X 18

be a random sample of size 18 from a chi-square distribution with r=1. Recall that μ=1 and σ 2
=2. (a) How is Y=∑ i=1
18

X i

distributed? (b) Using the result of part (a), we see from Table IV in Appendix B that P(Y≤9.390)=0.05 and P(Y≤34.80)=0.99. Compare these two probabilities with the approximations found with the use of the central limit theorem.

Answers

Answer 1

The random variable Y = ∑X_i^2, where X_i^2 is chi-square distributed with one degree of freedom. Consequently, Y is a chi-square distributed with 18 degrees of freedom. The mean of the chi-square distribution with r degrees of freedom is r, and the variance is 2r.

Therefore, in this case, μ = r = 18 and σ^2 = 2r = 36. (b) Using the central limit theorem, we can approximate the distribution of Y by a normal distribution with mean μ = 18 and variance σ^2 = 36/18 = 2. Therefore, Z = (Y - μ) / σ = (Y - 18) / √2 is approximately standard normal. To compare the two probabilities from the table to the approximations, we can find the Z-scores that correspond to the probabilities 0.05 and 0.99 by using a standard normal distribution table. We get that P(Y ≤ 9.390) ≈ P(Z ≤ -2.09) = 0.018, and P(Y ≤ 34.80) ≈ P(Z ≤ 3.10) = 0.999.

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Related Questions

3/12 and 5/x are equivalent ratios. solve for x

Answers

Answer:

x=20

Step-by-step explanation:

How I did it was I divided 3/12 to get .25 and 5 divided by .25 is 20. So x is equal to 20.

Two different lines are shown below with two points given from each line. Use the slope-intercept form or point-slope form to find the equation of each line.

Line A

Points: (–5, –2), (–5, 7)

Line B

Points: (7, –5), (–2, –5)

Line A has
.
The equation of line A is
.
Line B has
.
The equation of line B is
.

Answers

We have a vertical and a horizontal lines, the equations are:

Line A: x = -5  (vertical one)

Line B: y = -5  (horizontal one)

How to find the equations of the two lines?

Remember that the general linear equation in the slope-intercept form is:

y = a*x + b

Where a is the slope and b is the y-intercept.

If the line passes through the points (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂) then the slope is:

a = (y₂ - y₁)/(x₂ - x₁)

Now, line A passes through  (–5, –2), (–5, 7), then the slope is:

a = (7 + 2)/(-5 + 5) = 9/0

Notice that if we divide by zero, the slope tends to infinity, so we have a vertical line.

In this case, the line A will be x = -5.

Now line B passes through points: (7, –5), (–2, –5)

Then the slope is:

a = (-5 + 5)/(-2 - 7) = 0/-9 = 0

Then the line is:

y = 0*x + b

And passes through (7, –5), then:

-5 = 0*7 + b

-5 = b

So this line is y = -5.

Concluding, we have:

Line A: x = -5

Line B: y = -5

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Answer:

Line A: no slope

The equation of line A is x = -5

Line B has a slope of 0

The equation of line B is y = -5

Step-by-step explanation:

I did it already :)

At the nut farm, the cost price of a bag of almonds is R290. It is sold with a profit of 45%. What is the selling price?

Answers

The selling price for the given cost price and profit percentage is ₹420.5.

What is gain or profit?

The profit or gain is equal to the selling price minus the cost price. Loss is equal to the cost price minus the selling price.

Given that, the cost price of a bag of almonds is ₹290 and it is sold with a profit of 45%.

We know that, Selling price = (100+Profit%)/100 ×CP

Here, Selling price = (100+45)/100 ×290

= 145/100 ×290

= 1.45×290

= 420.5

Therefore, the selling price is ₹420.5.

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What is an example of slope-intercept form?.

Answers

Answer:

y = 3x + 1

Step-by-step explanation:

The equation for slope-intercept form is y=mx+b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept.

help pls 1/3(3m+6)-2(2m+6)

1/3(3m+6)-2(3m+6)

Answers

Answer:

-5m - 10

Step-by-step explanation:

1/3(3m+6)-2(3m+6)

= 1m + 2 - 6m - 12

= -5m - 10

So, the answer is -5m - 10

Answer:

-5(m+2)

Step-by-step explanation:

1/3(3m+6)-2(3m+6)

combine like terms

-5/3(3m+6)

Distribute

-5m - 10

common factor

-5(m+2)

If the covariance of x and y is 26.16 and the standard deviation of x is 32.7, then the slope of the least squares line is b1 =.80.TrueFalse

Answers

The slope of the least squares line, also known as the regression coefficient or beta coefficient (b1), is calculated using the covariance between the two variables (x and y) and the variance of x. The formula for calculating the slope of the least squares line is: False.

b1 = Cov(x, y) / Var(x)

In the given statement, it is mentioned that the covariance of x and y is 26.16, and the standard deviation of x is 32.7. However, the variance of x is needed to calculate the slope of the least squares line, not the standard deviation.

Therefore, without knowing the variance of x, we cannot determine the slope of the least squares line with the given information. The statement "b1 = 0.80" is not correct as it is not supported by the information provided.

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I need help for this math question

I need help for this math question

Answers

Answer:

13= hypotenuse

12=adjacent

5=opposite

Find the exact value of sin П/6.

Answers

The exact value of sin(π/6) is 1/2.

To find the exact value of sin(π/6), we can use the unit circle or the trigonometric identity for the sine function. In the unit circle, π/6 corresponds to an angle of 30 degrees, which lies in the first quadrant.

At this angle, the y-coordinate of the corresponding point on the unit circle is 1/2. Since sin(θ) represents the ratio of the opposite side to the hypotenuse in a right triangle, for an angle of 30 degrees, sin(π/6) is equal to 1/2.

Alternatively, we can use the trigonometric identity sin(θ) = cos(π/2 - θ). Applying this identity, we have sin(π/6) = cos(π/2 - π/6) = cos(π/3). Now, π/3 corresponds to an angle of 60 degrees, which lies in the first quadrant.

At this angle, the x-coordinate of the corresponding point on the unit circle is 1/2. Therefore, cos(π/3) = 1/2. Substituting this value back into sin(π/6) = cos(π/3), we get sin(π/6) = 1/2.

In both approaches, we find that the exact value of sin(π/6) is 1/2, indicating that the sine function of π/6 radians is equal to 1/2.

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Find the perimeter of an equilateral triangle with an alititude of 18 inches

Answers

the perimeter of the equilateral triangle with a side length of 12√3 is 36√3 units.

In order to find the perimeter of the given triangle, we have to find the side of the triangle. The altitude of the triangle  = 18 inches. Let us assume the side of the triangle as a. The formula for calculating the altitude of an equilateral triangle is : Altitude  =√3/2×a  (side)

18 =√3/2 × a

a = 18 × 2√3

a = 36√3

a = 36 ×√3 / √3×√3

a =36√3/3

a = 12√3 inches.

If the side of an equilateral triangle is 12√3, then all three sides of the triangle are of equal length, since it is an equilateral triangle. Therefore, the perimeter of the triangle is simply the sum of the lengths of its three sides. Since each side of the triangle has a length of 12√3, the perimeter is: Perimeter = 3 x (12√3) = 36√3.

Therefore, the perimeter of the equilateral triangle with a side length of 12√3 is 36√3 units.

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what is the correct solution for the arithmetic expression (2 8)/2*9/3 using the order of operations employed by oracle 12c when solving equations?

Answers

The correct solution to the arithmetic expression (2 8)/2*9/3 using the order of operations as employed by Oracle 12c when solving equations is 4.

According to the Order of Operations, the first step is to evaluate expressions inside parentheses, then perform any multiplications or divisions, and finally perform any additions or subtractions. In this expression, the first step would be to evaluate the expression inside the parentheses: (28)/2. This evaluates to 14.

Next, the expression becomes 14 * 9/3. According to the Order of Operations, we need to perform the multiplication first, so 14 * 9 = 126. Finally, we perform the division: 126/3 = 42.

So, the correct solution to the expression (2 8)/2 * 9/3 is 42.

Order of operations is a set of rules used to determine the sequence in which arithmetic operations should be performed in a mathematical expression to obtain the correct result. The rules ensure that operations are performed in a consistent and predictable manner.

The order of operations is typically represented by the acronym PEMDAS, which stands for Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division (from left to right), and Addition and Subtraction (from left to right).

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is 5,521 a reasonable answer for 218x12

Answers

Answer:

No

Step-by-step explanation:

Without even answering 218*12 it is obvious this is the wrong answer

the last digit of each number determines the last digit in the answer

218 has 8 as the last number and 12 has 2

multiply them together

2*8 is 16

the last digit is 6 and not 1

Answer:

No- 218 * 12 = 2616.

Multiply with an algorithm and add the partial products up to check. You don't get 5,521 when you multiply 218 * 12.

Find integer matrices A,B not multiples of each other such that Nul(A)=Nul(B) and Col(A)=Col(B)

Answers

Nul(A) = Nul(B) , Col(A) = Col(B) in integer matrices.

Describe matrix using an example?

A matrix is a collection of numbers that have been put in rows and columns to make a rectangular array. The entries of the matrix are the numbers, which are referred to as its elements.

                                 In addition to many other areas of mathematics, matrices have extensive applications in the fields of engineering, physics, economics, and statistics.

The null space of any matrix A consists of all the vectors

 X  such that Ax = 0

And the column space of a matrix A is the span of its column vectors.

Let  A = \(\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1&0&0 \\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{array}\right]\)

Therefore, Nul(A) = {(0,0,0,w ) w∈ Z }

 Col(A) = span{ (1,0,0), (0,1,0) , (0,0,1) }

By using definition of Null space of matrix and column space of matrix.

 Let B = \(\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1&1&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{array}\right]\)        

Nul(A) = {(0,0,0,w ) w∈ Z }

 Col(A) = span{ (1,0,0), (0,1,0) , (0,0,1) }

Hence Nul(A) = Nul(B) , Col(A) = Col(B)

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PLEASe HELP I NEED NUMBER 1 there is an ex sample I need the answer and work to it that looks like the ex sample

PLEASe HELP I NEED NUMBER 1 there is an ex sample I need the answer and work to it that looks like the
PLEASe HELP I NEED NUMBER 1 there is an ex sample I need the answer and work to it that looks like the

Answers

a) 20% 60 of  is 12

b) 25% of 24 is 6

c) 4% of 600 is 24

Here the problem we are dealing with is related to percentage, which could be a division or a proportion in which the value of the entire is continuously 100. is represented by the symbol "%".

a) let us consider the missing number to be x

so, the problem will be 20% of  x= 12

=> 20/1000* x= 12

=>20x= 12*100

=> x= 12*100/20 = 60

b) let the percentage be x

so, the problem will be x% of 24 =6

=>x/100* 24= 6

=>24x=600

=>x=600/24 =25

c)  here, we are given  4% of 600=?

=4/100* 600

=24

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Members of the band sold juice and popcorn at a college football game to raise money for an upcoming trip. The band raised $2,000. The amount raised is divided equally among the m members of the band.

Which equation represents the amount, A, each member receives?

Answers

Answer: You will need to know how many members there are and then divide 2,000 by the amount of members that will then give u ur answer

Step-by-step explanation:

Anyone know answer?!

Anyone know answer?!

Answers

b. the slope is negative
the slope is negative

Use the elimination method to solve the system of equations. Choose the correct ordered pair

Use the elimination method to solve the system of equations. Choose the correct ordered pair

Answers

Answer:

Answer is B

Step-by-step explanation:

\(12x - y = 25 \\ 9x + y = 17 \\ x = \frac{17 - y}{9} \\ 12( \frac{17 - y}{9} ) - y = 25 \\ \)

\(\frac{204}{9} - \frac{12}{9} y - y = 25 \\ \frac{204}{9} - \frac{21y}{9} = 25 \\ - \frac{21y}{9} = 25 - \frac{204}{9} \\ - \frac{21y}{9} = 2.33 \\ - 21y = 20.997 \\ y = - 0.99\)

\(y = - 1 \\ x = \frac{17 - y}{9} \\ x = \frac{17 - - 1}{9} = \frac{18}{9} \\ x = 2\)

In the following cylinder shape, if the volume
of the cylinder is 72cm3, find the radius of
the cylinder.

In the following cylinder shape, if the volumeof the cylinder is 72cm3, find the radius ofthe cylinder.

Answers

Answer:

c

Step-by-step explanation:

I just did this question for my math class and i got it right

the admission fee at an amusement park is 1.5 dollars for children and 4 dollars for adults. on a certain day, 351 people entered the park, and the admission fees collected totaled 1014 dollars. how many children and how many adults were admitted?

Answers

There were 682 children's and 332 adults were admitted when the entrance charge to an park is $4 for adults and $1.50 for children.

Given that,

The entrance charge to an amusement park is $4 for adults and $1.50 for children. 351 persons visited the park on one particular day, and 1014 dollars in entrance fees were collected.

We have to find how many people and kids were allowed inside.

We know that,

We get equations as,

1.5x+4y=351 ----->equation(1)

The other equation is

x+y=1014 ----->equation(2)

Take the equation(2)

x+y=1014

y=1014-x

Substitute y=1014-x in equation(1)

1.5x+4y=351

1.5x+4(1014-x)=351

1.5x+2056-4x=351

1.5x-4x=351-2056

-2.5x=-1705

2.5x=1705

x=1705/2.5

x=682

Substitute x=682 in equation(2)

y=1014-x

y=1014-682

y=332

Therefore, There were 682 children's and 332 adults were admitted when the entrance charge to an amusement park is $4 for adults and $1.50 for children.

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A normal distribution has μ = 30 and Ï = 5.
(a) Find the z score corresponding to x = 25.
(b) Find the z score corresponding to x = 42.
(c) Find the raw score corresponding to z = â3.
(d) Find the raw score corresponding to z = 1.5.

Answers

(a) The z-score corresponding to x = 25 is -1. (b)The z-score corresponding to x = 42 is 2.4.(c) The raw score corresponding to z = -3 is 15. (d)  The raw score corresponding to z = 1.5 is 37.5.

For a normal distribution with mean μ = 30 and standard deviation σ = 5:

(a) To find the z-score corresponding to x = 25, we use the formula:

z = (x - μ) / σ

Substituting the values, we get:

z = (25 - 30) / 5 = -1

Therefore, the z-score corresponding to x = 25 is -1.

(b) To find the z-score corresponding to x = 42, we again use the formula:

z = (x - μ) / σ

Substituting the values, we get:

z = (42 - 30) / 5 = 2.4

Therefore, the z-score corresponding to x = 42 is 2.4.

(c) To find the raw score (x) corresponding to z = -3, we use the formula:

z = (x - μ) / σ

Rearranging the formula, we get:

x = μ + zσ

Substituting the values, we get:

x = 30 + (-3) x 5 = 15

Therefore, the raw score corresponding to z = -3 is 15.

(d) To find the raw score (x) corresponding to z = 1.5, we use the same formula:

x = μ + zσ

Substituting the values, we get:

x = 30 + 1.5 x 5 = 37.5

Therefore, the raw score corresponding to z = 1.5 is 37.5.

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Determine the positive
square root of 35, if it exists. Explain.

Answers

The positive square root of 35
= 5.9160797831 because 5.9160797831^2 is 35
Therefore you multiply 5.9160797831 to 5.9160797831

Jackson practices piano four times a week he practices for 40 minutes each time how many minutes does Jackson practice until weeks

Answers

Answer:

160 min or 2.66666667 hours per a week

Step-by-step explanation:

its very simple

40*4=160

hope I helped :)

what is the average student headcount for the spring terms of the $'02$-$'03$, $'03$-$'04$ and $'04$-$'05$ academic years? express your answer to the nearest whole number.

Answers

The average student headcount for the spring terms is: 10700

What is a graph with examples?

A graph is a non-linear kind of data structure made up of nodes or vertices and edges. The edges connect any two nodes in the graph, and the nodes are also known as vertices. This graph has a set of vertices V= { 1,2,3,4,5} and a set of edges E= { (1,2),(1,3),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(3,5),(4,50 }.

We have the information:

From the graph,

Number of headcounts for spring '0.2 - 0.3' = 10900

Number of headcounts for spring '0.3 - 0.4' = 10500

Number of headcounts for spring '0.4 - 0.5' = 10700

The average student headcount for the spring terms is:

= 1/3 (10900 + 10500 + 10700)

= 10700

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For complete question, to see the attachment.

what is the average student headcount for the spring terms of the $'02$-$'03$, $'03$-$'04$ and $'04$-$'05$

The following angles are given in degrees, arcminutes, and arcseconds. Rewrite them in degrees and decimal fractions of degrees.A. 2 degrees 18 ′ 36 ′′B. 36 ′ 18 ′′C. 7 degrees 59′ 59′′D. 1′E. 1′′

Answers

On solving the provided question, we can say that 1 degree = 3600 arc seconds and 1 degree = 60 arc minutes.

what is degrees ?

A 160 degree angle is measured in arc minutes, often known as arcmin, arcmin, arcmin, or arc minutes (represented by the sign '). One minute is equal to 121600 revolutions, or one degree, hence one degree equals 1360 revolutions (or one complete revolution). A degree, also known as a complete angle of arc, angle of arc, or angle of arc, is a unit of measurement for plane angles in which a full rotation equals 360 degrees. A degree is sometimes referred to as an arc degree if it has an arc of 60 minutes. Since there are 360 degrees in a circle, an arc's angles make up 1/360 of its circumference.

1 degree = 3600 arc seconds

1 degree = 60 arc minutes

A. 2 degree 18'36 = 2 + 18/60 + 36 / 2600 = 231 / 100 degree

B. 36 ′ 18 ′′ = 36/60 + 18/2600 = 121 / 200 degree

C. 7 degrees 59′ 59′′ = 7 + 59 / 60 + 59 / 3600 = 28799 / 3600 degree

D. 1' = 1/60 degree

F. 1" = 1/3600 degree

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Which statement is true Every real number is an integer Every integer is a counting number Every integer is a rational number Every terminating decimal number is an irrational number

Answers

Answer:

C.  Every integer is a rational number

Step-by-step explanation:

Integers are whole numbers which could be positive or negative and zero. Examples of integers are 330, 21, 10,052, 0, -425, -879, etc. Fractions are not integers.  Rational numbers are numbers that are expressed as the ratio of two integers. So numbers that have integers as their numerators and denominators can be rightly said to be rational numbers. Examples are, 5/7, 10,111/880, -365/15.

Since both the numerators and denominators are whole numbers, the entire figures can be said to be rational numbers. So, fractions are rational numbers.    

Which ratio is equivalent to the ratio 33:39?


A. 26:22

B. 22 to 26

C. 22 to 13

D. 13:22

Answers

9514 1404 393

Answer:

  B.  22 to 26

Step-by-step explanation:

Multiply each value in the ratio by 2/3 to see an equivalent that is among the choices.

  33 : 39 = (2/3)(33) : (2/3)(39) = 22 : 26

in the graph of the simple linear regression equation, the parameter ß 1 is the _____ of the true regression line.

Answers

In the graph of the simple linear regression equation, the parameter ß1 is the slope of the true regression line.

The simple linear regression equation represents a linear relationship between a dependent variable and an independent variable. It can be written as y = ß0 + ß1x, where ß0 is the intercept and ß1 is the slope of the regression line.

The slope (ß1) determines the rate of change in the dependent variable (y) for each unit change in the independent variable (x). It represents the steepness or inclination of the regression line. The sign of ß1 indicates whether the line has a positive or negative slope, indicating the direction of the relationship between the variables.

Thus, in the context of the simple linear regression equation, the parameter ß1 is the slope of the true regression line.

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Use the decimal grid to write the percent and fraction equivalents.

0.53

Use the decimal grid to write the percent and fraction equivalents.0.53

Answers

Answer:

53%

53/100

Step-by-step explanation:

Regular= 16oz $3.36 Family Sized= 40 oz $7.60 what is the per ounce for both?

Regular= 16oz $3.36 Family Sized= 40 oz $7.60 what is the per ounce for both?

Answers

Answer:

Regular = $0.21 per ounce, Family = $0.19 per ounce

Step-by-step explanation:

Regular

16oz = $3.36

                         Divide by 16 on both sides

1oz = $0.21

Family

40oz = $7.20

                          divide by 40 both sides

1oz = $0.19

2 tickets cost $14. How many tickets can you buy with $63

Answers

Answer:

9 tickets

Step-by-step explanation:

If two tickets cost 14 dollars, then each ticket will cost 7 dollars

63/7=9

You can buy 9 tickets

Answer:

You can buy about 31 tickets

Step-by-step explanation:

Find the measure of the missing angles

Find the measure of the missing angles

Answers

C = 159' and B = 21'
Other Questions
An ant stands atop a grassy hill looking at a castle. A horizontal bridge 20 feet long crosses the gap, forming a right angle with the castle wall. The hill slopes down to a moat (water) that is 10 feet wide. The moat has 0 alligators because this is a math problem, not Louisiana. The castle is 38 feet tall, measuring from moat to roof.a) Draw a sketch showing all the information you have right now.b) The angle of elevation from the ant to the castle roof is 54.5. Find the height of the castle above the bridge to the nearest foot (whole number).c) What is the distance of the vertical drop from the bridge into the moat?d) Find the angle between the hillside and the underside of the bridge. You may assume that the hill's slope is perfectly straight. Which statements could be categorized in the "Asexual" section of the Venn diagram? Check all that apply PART B ONLYGiven: Evaluate the integralx^12ln(x) dxSolved: 1/13ln(x)x^13 - 1/169x^13 + C(b) The application of integration by parts corresponds to applying the product rule to what product: [ ??? ] IIf p is the hypothesis of a conditional statement and q is the conclusion, which is represented by ?the original conditional statementthe inverse of the original conditional statementthe converse of the original conditional statementthe contrapositive of the original conditional statement An item is priced at $13.15. If the sales tax is 4%, what does the item cost including sales tax? A police car is asked to overtake a red sedan that is 16 km ahead of it on the freeway. The red sedan is traveling at 80 km/hr and the police car travels at 100 km/hr. When will the police car overtake the sedan? a cancer drug that prevents the shortening of microtubules would mostly affect which phase of mitosis? (1 point) What effects did the early years of the Great Depression have on the United States? Check all that apply.A - Unemployment fell as people slowly began to find workB - Homelessness increased as people ran out of money.C - Banks began evicting people in large numbers.D - Many Americans migrated to Europe where there was stability.E - Poverty rose steadily as people lost their jobs.F - Many businesses faced foreclosure and shut down. Which postulate or theorem can be used for... HELPS ME I NEEEEEEEED THE ANSWER TO THIS A child rolls a ball on a level floor 5.2 m to another child.If the ball makes 15.0 revolutions, what is its diameter?Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units. plz help help help help help You sold $100 worth of Goods plus tax. What amount is owed to the Federal Government on this final sale? a. $0 b. $5 c. $8 d. $13 e. None of the above A graph is drawn below Order their calculations from greatest to least Leon-------Mika-------Jason------Ashley17 - 2-----1 + /2 -----12/5---------2.5 Jordan has 3 pairs of Nike shoes and 4 pairs of Timberland shoes. Find the probability that he will choose a Timberland pair at random. Convert the fraction to a decimal. Round to three decimal places. Which two elements have similar properties and 8 electrons in theiroutermost shells?A. Sodium and potassiumB. lodine and bromineC. Arsenic and antimonyD. Krypton and xenon Most people perceive a greater risk from toxins with acute effects because __________.a.they are only found in humansb.they are always the most deadlyc.the synergistic effects of the combination of chemicals are easily distinguishabled.the negative outcomes occur rapidlye.the negative effects take years to show up I need help plz help me Round all the numbers to 2nd decimal points. and fill in the blanks with the exact match of the options provided.The Nominal Exchange Rate today is 0.75 British Pounds (GBP, ) per 1 US Dollar (USD, $ ). A Big Mac is sold for $ 3.99 in the US and 3.19 in the UK (write Down the Exchange Rates in terms of the domestic currency, USD).a. According to the Prices of the Big Mac, the Real Exchange Rate is [Qa]b. Do we have Purchasing Power Parity between US and UK in this case [Qb] (Yes or No)? Why (answer based on the Real Exchange Rate)?c. Do we have an arbitrage opportunity in this situation [Qc] (Yes or No) (assuming transporting Big Mac across countries does not have any cost)?d. If the Price of Big Mac in the UK doubled because of Brexit (the UK withdrawing from the European Union) and the Purchasing Power Parity holds, the new (Nominal) GBP-USD Exchange Rate is [Qd].e. According to part d., fill in the correct answer:US Dollar [Qe] (appreciates/depreciates); British Pounds [Qf] (appreciates/depreciates)