Normalization of microRNA expression levels in quantitative RT-PCR assays: identification of suitable reference RNA targets in normal and cancerous human solid tissues
Answers
This study identified novel reference RNA targets for normal and cancerous tissues, improving microRNA expression level normalization in RT-PCR assays.
Normalization of microRNA expression levels in quantitative RT-PCR assays is essential for accurate analysis. This study aimed to identify suitable reference RNA targets in normal and cancerous human solid tissues. A comprehensive analysis of microRNA expression profiles was performed using samples from diverse tissues. Several potential reference RNA targets were identified, including commonly used housekeeping genes. However, these housekeeping genes exhibited inconsistent expression across tissues. Consequently, a set of novel reference RNA targets specific to normal and cancerous tissues was proposed. These findings provide valuable insights for the normalization of microRNA expression levels in quantitative RT-PCR assays, improving the accuracy of miRNA research in cancer and normal tissues.
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Related Questions
The blue color of the sky results from scattering of sunlight by air molecules the blue light has a frequency of 7.5x10^14Hz calculate the wavelength (in meters) associated with this radiation
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Electromagnetic waves all travel at the speed of light when in vacuum, and essentially this same speed in normal air. Since wave speed is product of frequency and wavelength, c = f λ and λ = c/f = (3.00 x 108 m/s) / (7.5 x 1014 Hz) = 4.00 x 10-7 m = 400 x 10-9 m = 400 nm.
what is the mechanism by which bulk flow occurs at the capillaries?
Answers
Bulk flow at the capillaries occurs through a process called filtration. Filtration is driven by a combination of hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure gradients across the capillary walls.
The capillaries have thin walls consisting of a single layer of endothelial cells, which allows for the exchange of fluids, solutes, and gases between the blood and the surrounding tissues. The forces involved in bulk flow are mainly hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure.
Hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by the fluid within the capillary on the capillary walls. It is generated by the pumping action of the heart and is highest at the arterial end of the capillary bed. This hydrostatic pressure tends to push fluid out of the capillaries into the surrounding tissues.
Osmotic pressure, also known as oncotic pressure, is the force exerted by proteins, particularly albumin, in the blood plasma. Proteins in the blood are too large to pass through the capillary walls, so they create an osmotic pressure gradient that opposes the hydrostatic pressure. Osmotic pressure draws fluid back into the capillaries.
The net filtration pressure is the difference between the hydrostatic pressure and the osmotic pressure. At the arterial end of the capillary, the hydrostatic pressure is higher than the osmotic pressure, resulting in a net outward filtration pressure. This causes fluid to move out of the capillary and into the interstitial space.
It's important to note that the balance between filtration and reabsorption may be influenced by other factors such as the permeability of the capillary walls, the presence of any blockages or restrictions, and the overall fluid balance in the body.
The mechanism of bulk flow in capillaries involves the interplay between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure gradients, ensuring the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues.
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Some students were building a model of a
digestive system. Which choice best
describes a process they should show with
their model?
F Tissues digest food for the organ
system to absorb.
GCells digest food, which is then
absorbed by organs.
Organs digest food by working
together as a system.
(H)
The organ system uses specialized
cells to digest food.
Answers
The digestive process is divided into four steps: ingestion, chemical and mechanical food breakdown, nutrient absorption, and expulsion of indigestible food.
What does the digestive process entail?
The digestive process starts as soon as something is chewed. In order for food to pass more easily through your esophagus and into your stomach, saliva, a digestive juice produced by your salivary glands, moistens the food. The carbs in food also begin to be broken down by an enzyme found in saliva.
Motility, digestion, absorption, and secretion are the four fundamental functions of the digestive system. Our digestive system transforms our food into energy that we can use.
The digestive system's initial function is to take in food through the mouth. The "ingesting" procedure must take place before anything else can happen.
The complete question is:
Some students were building a model of a digestive system. Which choice best describes a process they should show with their model?
a) F Tissues digest food for the organ system to absorb.
b) G Cells digest food, which is then absorbed by organs.
c) Organs digest food by working together as a system.
d) The organ system uses specialized cells to digest food.
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The functions of bone include all of the following except:
A. structural support.
B. hematopoiesis.
C. mineral storage.
D. organ protection.
E. all of these are functions of bone.
Answers
The functions of bone include all of the following except all of these are functions of bone.
Bone, also known as osseous tissue, is really a hard, dense connective tissue which makes up the majority of the adult skeleton, the body's support structure. Cartilage, a semi-rigid type of connective tissue, provides the flexibility and fine surface for movement in areas of the skeleton in which bones meet (for example, this same ribcage and joints).
Ones body's skeletal system serves as a support structure. It shapes the body, allows movement, produces blood cells, protects organs, and stores minerals. The musculoskeletal system is another name for the skeletal system. Teeth are a component of the skeletal system as well. Because bones are strong, they can protect the body's delicate organs.
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What is a genotype?
-an organism’s appearance as a result of its genes
-the collection of dominant genes in an organism
-the ratio of dominant to recessive genes in an individual
-an organism’s combination of genes for a trait
Answers
Answer:
an organism’s combination of genes for a trait
Explanation:
Answer:
a
Explanation:
none
Which of the following is an example of an adaptation?
A. Ducks swim near the shore by a picnic area, where food is always available.
B. A dog walks without pulling on its leash.
C. Wolves work together to catch prey.
D. Birds living near a highway learn not to fly away every time a car passes.
(Zoom the picture for better quality)
Answers
Answer:
wolves work together to catch prey
Pollution
10. Discuss why people choose to pollute the environment instead of being environmentally friendly.
11. In this situation identify the "commons"
I can’t find the answer to the second question in this article called tragedy of the commons by garrett hardin 1969
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
I found an exaple
Solutions to the tragedy of the commons include the imposition of private property rights, government regulation, or the development of a collective action arrangement. Historical examples of tragedies of the commons include the collapse of the North Atlantic Cod fisheries and the extinction of the dodo bird.
maybe this well help as well
human activity is causing environmental degradation, which is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution.
natural selection can be defined as . group of answer choices a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits the evolution of a population of organisms the production of more offspring than can survive in an environment a process that changes that changes gene frequencies in an individual
Answers
Natural selection can be defined as a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits.
Natural selection is one of the driving forces of evolution, and it works by favoring traits that increase an organism's chances of survival and reproduction. This can happen due to various factors such as competition for resources, predation, environmental changes, etc. Individuals with favorable traits have a better chance of passing on those traits to their offspring, leading to a gradual change in the population over time.
Therefore, natural selection is an important mechanism that shapes the diversity of life on Earth by selecting for traits that increase the chances of survival and reproduction in a given environment.
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3. What factors (race, class, gender, "the times") do you think were responsible for Henrietta's
cells being taken from her without her permission? What factors do you think were responsible
for her family being kept in the dark about the many ways in which the study of her cells were
contributing to medical science?
Answers
Factors such as race, class, and gender contributed to Henrietta's cells being taken from her without her permission.
What are Henrietta cells?Henrietta cells or HeLa cells are immortalized cancer cell lines obtained from Henrietta Lacks, an African-American woman.
An immortalized cell line reproduces indefinitely under specific conditions.
The factors that contributed to Henrietta's
Henrietta'scells being taken from her without her permission include;
race - being a black, she had been granted no rights at the time class - being of the poor class, she did not have many rightsgender- women were not empowered thenthe times then were not a time of social freedom.Her family was kept in the dark too as those involved felt she had no rights to those cells as well to prevent them from getting any benefits.
Therefore, race, class, and gender contributed to Henrietta's cells being taken from her without her permission.
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Will give brainly if right
Earth's gravity and Bill act on the box in opposite directions. Bill acts with a smaller force than Earth's gravity does. Because these opposing forces are different sizes, they are unbalanced forces.
How do these forces affect the motion of the box?
Answers
Answer:
The force with more force (gravity) will have much more effect than the force with less force (Bill) and the box will go in the motion that the greater force makes it go.
Explanation:
I hope I helped
For an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, you mix in a test tube bacterial cell extract and a 32-P-labeled fragment of DNA that contains the CAP binding site and the lacP of the lac operon. Which of the following would cause a mobility shift if added to the mix?
glucose
lactose
allolactose
cAMP
anti-lac repressor antibody
anti-CAP antibody
Answers
The addition of an anti-CAP antibody to the mix would cause a mobility shift in the EMSA.
Option (f) is correct.
In an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), a mobility shift occurs when a DNA-protein complex forms, altering the migration pattern of the DNA fragment during electrophoresis. In this case, the bacterial cell extract likely contains the CAP protein, which can bind to the CAP binding site of the lac operon DNA fragment.
The options glucose, lactose, allolactose, and cAMP are small molecules or metabolites that can affect gene regulation in the lac operon, but they do not directly interact with the DNA-protein complex formed in the EMSA. Therefore, they would not cause a mobility shift.
On the other hand, an anti-CAP antibody specifically targets and binds to the CAP protein. If added to the mix, the anti-CAP antibody can form a complex with the CAP protein, potentially interfering with its binding to the DNA fragment.
Therefore, the addition of the anti-CAP antibody would result in a mobility shift in the EMSA.
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Complete question is:
For an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, you mix in a test tube bacterial cell extract and a 32-P-labeled fragment of DNA that contains the CAP binding site and the lacP of the lac operon. Which of the following would cause a mobility shift if added to the mix?
a) glucose
b)lactose
c) allolactose
d) cAMP
e) anti-lac repressor antibody
f) anti-CAP antibody
3. 10 ppm ammonia is the standard for drinking water for humans. Can brine shrimp survive in our drinking water at this limit of ammonia? explain.
Answers
Brine shrimp cannot survive in our drinking water at this limit of ammonia.
The effect of osmosis on living organismsOsmosis is defined as the movement of water molecules through a semi permeable membrane from the region of lower solute concentration to the region of higher solute concentration.
Brine shrimp are important aquatic species that serve.as food for other higher aquatic animals. They survive in high salty environments.
When brine shrimps are placed in solution that are less concentrated such as drinking water with 10 ppm ammonia, water would move into its cell membrane.
This may lead to the death of the brine shrimp as it's cells becomes turgid.
Therefore, Brine shrimp cannot survive in our drinking water at this limit of ammonia.
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The earthquakes experienced in California are related to tectonic plates because these catastrophic events are the result of -
a
two tectonic plates sliding past each other.
b
tectonic plates melting as they slide into the mantle.
c
tectonic plates being weathered over time.
d
two tectonic plates pulling away from each other.
Answers
Answer:
A when two tectonic plates slide past each other.
Explanation: this answer is the most accurate because when two plates slide past each other they make a fault in the earth which creates an earthquake.
What is the difference between science and trickery?
Answers
Science is- by definition understanding the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence. Proof is needed, experiments take place etc. Whereas trickery is simply the act of deception, can be for multiple reasons.
However trickery exists in the natural world too in the form of animals using tricks to make themselves look frightening or like another animal. In both cases you cannot believe what you see. The difference would probably be that the tricks science plays can be uncovered by experiments and other observations, but im not sure.
Your question has been heard loud and clear.
Science is basically the logic that explains why things happen and how they occur the way they are , especially with natural phenomena. It is solely used for beneficial purposes so that humans can advance and develop themselves through science.
Trickery is the art mastered by people who just live by using shortcuts and making loopholes out of everything to bypass consequences. It is indeed the complete opposite of science because trickery is not used for improvement like science , but it is used to bring others down while the trickster rises. It is not beneficial for development and advancements. Trickery is however useful to the person using it , and science is useful to the person using it and to the people , but trickery is only beneficial for the person using it , unlike science.
Thank you
1) According to the global ecological footprint by nation, which country likely has the smallest (per capita) reliance on non-renewable resources?
es
A) USA
B) China
France
D) South Korea
Answers
Answer: france
Explanation:
france
Which of the following represents the mRNA codon for the next amino acid that is being attached in this diagram?
Answers
The gene alignment οf the CGU represents the mRNA cοdοn fοr the next aminο acid that is this diagram.
What is RNA?οne οf the twο varieties οf nucleic acid that cells prοduce. Infοrmatiοn frοm DNA is replicated intο RNA (the οther type οf nucleic acid). Each type οf RNA that cells prοduce perfοrms a particular functiοn within the cell. Many different types οf RNA serve purpοses in the synthesis οf prοteins.
What is DNA ?Deοxyribοse nucleic acid is what DNA actually is. Any prοkaryοtic οr eukaryοtic cell can cοntain it. Cοmpοsed οf nucleοtides, it has a dοuble helical shape. Each nucleοtide has a nitrοgenοus base, a phοsphate grοup, and a sugar.
The gene alignment οf the CGU represents the mRNA cοdοn fοr the next aminο acid that is this diagram.
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Which is a homologous structure to the human forearm?
O A. The beak of a bird
OB. The skull of a raccoon
O C. The tail of a dog
O D. The leg of a horse
Answers
The homologous structure to the forearm of humans is the leg of the horse.
What are homologous organs?Homologous organs are organs that share similar structural organization. They are similar structurally but are different in functions. They share common ancestors. These organs are anatomically similar. As there are common ancestors, this type of evolution is known as divergent evolution.
The reason behind the divergent evolution is environmental changes, and food requirements which force them to evolve according to the requirements. The wings of bats, the forearms of humans, and the front legs of the horse are a few examples of homologous organs which underwent divergent evolution.
Homologous organs have different functions in organisms.
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A species of moth has a 2 varieties of wing color: brown and white. As winter approaches, the trees where the moths live loose their leaves. The moth's predators are birds who hunt for the moths as they rest on the dark tree bark. Every moth lays 100 eggs, but only about 10 from each egg cluster live to adulthood. What are the variations in this population?
Answers
Answer:
In this case, the population of moths you're referring to has a number of variations. Here they are:
1. Wing Color Variation: The moths have two phenotypic variations for wing color, brown and white. This is a clear physical trait that can change based on the genetic makeup of the moth.
2. Survival Variation: Out of every 100 eggs laid, only about 10 moths survive to adulthood. This could imply a variation in the fitness or adaptability of the offspring, where only the most fit or adaptable (in terms of avoiding predators, finding food, or handling environmental conditions, for example) survive.
3. Seasonal Environment Variation: The environment where the moths live changes with the seasons. In winter, the trees lose their leaves, which may affect the camouflage ability of the moths depending on their wing color. This is a temporal variation in the environment, which can potentially influence the survival rates of the different moth variations.
4. Predation Variation: The predators of the moths are birds, which hunt for the moths as they rest on the dark tree bark. The level of predation can vary based on factors like the bird population size, hunting efficiency, and the visibility of the moths.
Each of these variations plays a role in the survival and reproduction of the moths and could lead to evolutionary changes in the population over time, especially if certain traits (like wing color) increase the moths' survival and reproductive success.
. The Texas Horned Lizard has a blood shooting defense mechanism that shoots out
from the corner of its eye. The lizard's blood also tastes bad to its predators. If the
lizard feels threatened it gives the predator a taste as a warning.
Which of these explains the success of the Texas Horned Lizard?
A. The lizard displays several adaptations due to a reduction in genetic diversity.
B. The lizard inherited traits to provide an advantage defense mechanism that helps it survive.
C. The loser inherited on favorable traits that decrease the chance of survival.
D. The lizard inherited traits that made a hybrid species that allows it to survive in an extreme environment.
Answers
Answer: lowkey think its B
Explanation:
The success of the Texas Horned Lizard is :
B. The lizard inherited traits to provide an advantage defense mechanism that helps it survive.
Texas Horned LizardThe success of the Texas Horned Lizard is the lizard inherited traits to provide an advantage defense mechanism that helps it survive.
The Texas horned lizard or "h-orny amphibian" may be a flat-bodied and fierce-looking reptile. The head has various horns, all of which are noticeable, with two central head spines being much longer than any of the others.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
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Which statement best describes the cell membrane of a living cell?
A) It is composed of proteins and carbohydrates
B) It has the same permeability to all substances found inside or outside the cell.
C) It is a double protein layer that doesn't allow things to pass through it.
D) It selectively regulates passage of materials into and out of the cell.
Answers
3. Identify the type of variation in the following :
(Hint: Continuous/Discontinuous, Inherited/Environmental or combination)
I. Tree-colored moths are more likely to survive and reproduce than those of a different color.
II. There are only three species of elephants: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant.
III. There are around 200 species of monkeys and each of these has different skull structures.
Answers
Tree-colored moths are more likely to survive and reproduce than those of a different color is Discontinuous variation. There are around 200 species of monkeys and each of these has different skull structures is continuous variation
What is a Discontinuous variation?Distinct categories are created for the many differences in discontinuous variation.Individual differences within a species which are qualitative and are termed to as discontinuous variation (categoric).Example; There are only three species of elephants: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant is a Discontinuous variation.
What is a continuous variation?The many types of variation are dispersed along a continuum in continuous variation. Individual changes within a species that are quantitative are known as continuous variation (measurable)To know more about Discontinuous variation visit
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The structure that traps light energy to make food for the plants
1)vacuole
2)cytoplasm
3) chloroplast
4) chlorophyll
Answers
Answer:
Chloroplast is the correct answer .
The structure that traps light energy to make food for the plants is the chloroplast.
WHAT IS CHLOROPLAST:Chloroplast is a double membrane organelle found in the cells of some eukaryotic organisms e.g. plants. Chloroplast is the organelle responsible for the occurrence of the photosynthetic process where light energy from the sun is trapped and used to synthesize glucose/sugars.Therefore, it can be said that the structure that traps light energy to make food for the plants is the chloroplast.
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which of the terms from question 4 describes the solutions in each of the glasses that the gummy bears were placed into?
Answers
The term from question 4 that describes the solutions in each of the glasses that the gummy bears were placed into is "hypotonic."
In the context of the gummy bear experiment, a hypotonic solution is one that has a lower solute concentration than the gummy bear's internal environment.
When the gummy bear is placed in a hypotonic solution, water moves from the solution into the gummy bear by osmosis, causing the gummy bear to swell and increase in volume.
In the experiment, the glasses with plain water, distilled water, and tap water all contained hypotonic solutions, which caused the gummy bears to swell and increase in size.
The glasses with saltwater and vinegar, on the other hand, contained hypertonic solutions, which caused water to move out of the gummy bears, leading to their shrinkage.
Understanding the concept of tonicity is important in many biological and medical contexts, such as understanding how cells maintain their shape and function in different environments, and how medical interventions can affect cellular function by changing the tonicity of body fluids.
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Which of the following statement correctly identifies how a genetic mutation can affect an organism?
Question 3 options:
Mutations have no affect on organisms and their structure or way of life.
Mutations are always harmful and lead to the early death of an organism.
Mutations can give organisms new abilities not seen before.
Mutations can alter or stop the production proteins in a way that either alters the appearance or quality of life of an organis
Answers
Answer:
The statement that correctly identifies how a genetic mutation affects an organism is that mutations can alter or stop the production proteins in a way that either alters the appearance or quality of life of an organism.
Explanation:
A genetic mutation occurs at the molecular level, in the DNA, and consists of the change of a specific sequence of nucleotides in the nucleic acid.
Since the sequence of DNA bases determines genetic information necessary for the synthesis of specific proteins, changes in the sequence can produce alterations in structural and functional proteins —due to changes in the sequence of amino acids or incomplete synthesis— that affect the appearance or functioning of a living being.
The other options are not correct because:
Although some mutations go unnoticed, most can cause alterations in organisms. Not all mutations are harmful or lead to premature death. Mutations do not produce new abilities.which is not classified as an organism .
the answer is apple. i took the test and apple is the right answer! hope it helped
Answers
Answer:
All organisms are living things. Apple is a fruit that is non-living, it can not reproduce, it does not have an organized structure that can support life in it so apple do not contain any characteristics of life, therefore, it cannot be classified as an organism.
The requirement to provide individual menus would apply to residents with complicated therapeutic dietary needs (e.g., renal diets) and residents who may not be able to sit fown at meal times (e.g., constant wanderers who need "finger foods" that can be eaten on the go). True or False?
Answers
True. Providing individual menus is important for residents with complicated therapeutic dietary needs.
What is dietary needs of individuals?When it comes to dietary needs, every individual is different, and this is especially true for individuals living in a long-term care setting.
Some residents may have specific therapeutic dietary needs, such as a renal diet, which restricts the intake of certain nutrients and requires specific food choices to be made.
Other residents may require a specific diet for other medical conditions such as diabetes, dysphagia, or food allergies. It's important that these residents receive a personalized menu that caters to their dietary requirements and preferences.
Thus, providing individual menus is important for residents with complicated therapeutic dietary needs such as renal diets, as well as for residents who may not be able to sit down at meal times, such as constant wanderers who need "finger foods" that can be eaten on the go.
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Find the area inside the cardioid =6−4cos(theta).
Answers
Numerous natural formations display the cardioid shape, which has biological relevance, which is determined by the equation r = 6 - 4cos().
The form of some animal hearts, including those of some cephalopods and sea gastropods, is one striking example. These species' cardioid-shaped hearts have developed to help them efficiently pump blood throughout their bodies. Their physiological demands are supported by the high blood flow that is maintained by the cardioid shape's narrowing apex. Additionally, certain flower species, such as several cyclamen species, have a cardioid-like arrangement of their petals. By offering an ideal landing site, its design helps to draw pollinators. The cardioid shape thus exhibits functional modifications for circulation and reproduction in biology.
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--The complete Question is, What is the biological significance of the cardioid shape in nature? Explain any patterns or phenomena observed in biological structures that resemble or approximate a cardioid shape. How does the equation for the cardioid, given as r = 6 - 4cos(θ), relate to these biological structures? Discuss any potential implications of the equation for understanding the functions or adaptations of organisms that exhibit cardioid-like structures. Provide examples of organisms or biological systems where the cardioid shape is prominent and explain how this shape benefits their survival, reproduction, or other biological processes. --
1. Which of the following is a characteristic associated with an organism's niche but not with its habitat?
a. climate
b. soil quality
c. place in the food web
d. location within the ecosystem
Answers
Habitat only refers to the natural home or environment of an organism
A characteristic that is associated with an organism's niche but not with its habitat is the place in the food web. Thus, the correct option for this question is C.
What is Habitat?Habitat may be defined as a type of natural environment for which a particular species is best adapted due to natural selection. In a more simple sense, habitat may also be characterized as an area where the basic demands of an organism are fulfilled like food, space, and mating partner.
According to the context of this question, a pace in the food web determines the position and the type of food that an organism naturally eat or consume. As it connects the organisms with the source of energy.
But in reality, it does not describe any characteristics of the habitat to which a particular organism belongs. This is because the food web is the pictorial representation of organisms on the basis of their food habit and nature.
Therefore, a characteristic that is associated with an organism's niche but not with its habitat is the place in the food web. Thus, the correct option for this question is C.
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What does Primary challenges mean for school?
Answers
If a species has gametes which have 14 chromosomes in them, what is the diploid
number for that species?
o 23
O 28
O 46
O 14
Answers
Answer: Is C = 46 chromosomes, Diploid cells have 46 chromosomes.