organize the first four steps of the animal virus life cycle from the beginning, starting at the top.
Answers
The first four steps of the animal virus life cycle involve attachment, entry, uncoating, and replication/gene expression.
The first four steps of the animal virus life cycle, starting from the beginning:
1. Attachment: The first step in the animal virus life cycle is attachment. The virus attaches itself to specific receptors on the surface of the host cell. These receptors are usually proteins or other molecules present on the cell membrane. The attachment is typically mediated by specific viral surface proteins that recognize and bind to the complementary receptors on the host cell.
2. Entry: Once the virus has attached to the host cell, it needs to gain entry into the cell. Animal viruses have different mechanisms to enter the host cell, depending on their structure and the type of virus. Some viruses enter by fusing their viral envelope with the host cell membrane, allowing the genetic material to be released into the cell. Others are taken up by the host cell through a process called endocytosis, where the virus is engulfed by the host cell membrane and forms a vesicle called an endosome.
3. Uncoating: After entering the host cell, the virus needs to release its genetic material to initiate infection. During the uncoating step, the viral capsid (the protein coat that surrounds the genetic material) is degraded or disassembled, allowing the viral genome to be released. This step can occur within the endosome or in the cytoplasm of the host cell, depending on the virus.
4. Replication and Gene Expression: Once the viral genome is released into the host cell, the virus hijacks the cellular machinery to replicate its genetic material and produce viral proteins. The viral genome is typically made of either DNA or RNA, and it serves as a blueprint for the production of new viral particles. The host cell's enzymes and ribosomes are utilized to transcribe and translate the viral genes, resulting in the synthesis of viral proteins and the replication of the viral genome.
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Related Questions
can someone help be with #3
Answers
Whatever you put force into it exerts the same amount of force.
Which is NOT a homologous feature of
Phylum Porifera?
A. choanocytes- cells that sweep water into the body
B. have true tissues
C. amoebocytes- help support skeletal fibers
D. suspension feeders that filter food out of the water
Answers
The true nucleus is not a homologous feature of Phylum Porifera. So, it's B.
What do you mean by Porifera?Porifera may be defined as superficial invertebrate animals that live in aquatic habitats that comprise the sponges.
Organisms belonging to animals, plants, and fungi only have a true nucleus. The members of the phylum Porifera majorly consist of sponges that have a system of suspension feeders that filter food out of the water.
The members of the phylum Porifera have choanocytes that specify the cells that sweep water into the body.
Therefore, the correct option for this question is B.
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what is glucose???????????
Answers
Answer:
end product of carbohydrate digestion
also known as sugar
the end product of photosynthesis
Explanation:
It is a sugar substitute that gives important energy source to living organisms its aswell a component of carbohydrates.
What is the significance of understanding differences within the species? 3-5 sentence
Answers
Answer:
When we understand the differences between species, it allows us to appreciate and understand the diveristy of life on earth while gaiining a deep knowledge of the evolutionary processes that shape it. Scienctists can also then better understand the genetic and enviornmental facts that contribute to these differences.
Lastly it can be important while considering conservation efforts. As it can help identify populations who need different needs, or species that adapt to a certian enviornemnt differently.
4. Why were the humans able to develop agriculture at the beginning of the Holocene Period?
A. Woolly mammoth herds left behind large numbers of animal droppings for fertilizer.
B. The ice from the previous ice age melted and the climate was warmer.
C. Cave Men developed metal working technology that helped them make plows.
D. Holocene period men were able to select cold loving plants as crops.
Answers
The humans were able to develop agriculture at the beginning of the Holocene Period as the ice from the previous ice age melted and the climate was warmer. The correct option is B.
What is Holocene Period?The current geological epoch is the Holocene. It began approximately 11,650 years ago, following the Last Glacial Period, which ended with the Holocene glacial retreat.
The Quaternary period is comprised of the Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene.
Agriculture and civilization were made possible by the Holocene's unusually warm and stable climate.
Previously, year-to-year temperature and rainfall variations made agriculture too unreliable to support settled communities with large populations.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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Nicotine replacement and self-management techniques are two approaches to smoking__________________.
What is the name of the method in which a smoker tries to avoid tempting situations and manages feelings that lead to nicotine use?
True or False Most people pick up smoking habits in adulthood.
Making sure your friends know you are tobacco-free and sticking to that decision in the face of pressures and influences requires ________________skills.
Critical Thinking Identify 5 health benefits of smoking cessation (stop smoking) that occur throughout the years after you quit, as well as those you see within a few days.
Can someone pls help me.
Answers
Answer:
It requires trolling your friends skills
What are autotrophs?A. Organisms that can take solar energy and convert it into chemical energyB. Organisms that obtain theirs from eating energy compounds from other organisms.C. Organisms that eat only plantsD. Organisms that eat plants and meat
Answers
The word autotroph comes from the union of two words: auto from self, and trophos, from feed. Having this clear, we can say that autotrophs organisms are those kinds of organisms whose metabolisms allow them to produce their own food by the use of external sources of energy, such as the one from the sun, but also the one from heat, or the chemical processes.
There are different kinds of autotroph organisms, these are chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs. We can find the last ones in the seas or in the forests, being them phytoplankton, and plants that carry out photosynthesis to produce glucose with the action of the sunlight and the intake of water, producing oxygen too after the process.
Having considered this, we can say that the correct answer is the first one, which states that autotrophs are "A. Organisms that take solar energy and convert it into chemical energy".
Respiratory System Lungs
Which level is an organ that is mostly made of tissues?
A) Lungs
B Lung Cells
C Respiratory System
D
Mammal
Answers
Answer:
c
Explanation:
Whale primary functions
Answers
The primary functions of whales include feeding, reproduction, communication, and migration.
Whales are primarily filter feeders or predators, depending on the species.
Filter-feeding whales, such as baleen whales, have baleen plates in their mouths that allow them to filter out small prey, such as krill or small fish, from large volumes of water.
Predatory whales, such as toothed whales, hunt and feed on various marine organisms, including fish, squid, and marine mammals.
Reproduction is another important function for whales. Most whale species have a gestation period of several months, with females giving birth to a single calf.
The calves are nursed with milk from their mothers and rely on their care for a period of time until they become independent.
Communication is vital for whales, as they rely on vocalizations to communicate with other members of their pod.
Whales produce a variety of sounds, including songs, clicks, and whistles, which serve purposes such as mating, social interactions, and navigation.
Migration is a common behavior observed in many whale species. Whales undertake long-distance migrations, often covering thousands of kilometers, to reach feeding grounds in nutrient-rich waters or to reproduce in specific breeding areas.
These migrations are driven by seasonal changes in food availability and environmental conditions.
In summary, the primary functions of whales encompass feeding, reproduction, communication, and migration, all of which are essential for their survival and successful adaptation to their marine environments.
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Learning Task 5: Write at least five benefits derived from planting trees
and fruit bearing trees to families and communities.
1________________
2_________________
3__________________
4____________________
5_____________________
Answers
2. you get natural fruits!
For the pair of normal and mutated DNA sequences given below, transcribe the corresponding mRNA
sequence and translate the correct amino acid sequence.
Normal DNA Sequence 2: CGG CGG ACC CCA TTC
mRNA:
Amino Acids:
Mutated DNA Sequence 2: CGG CGG CCC CCA TTC
mRNA:
Amino Acids:
2. What type of mutation is this? Explain how the DNA has changed.
What is a frameshift? Did the mutation cause a frameshift?
How are the amino acid sequences different?
How might this mutation affect the function of protein coded by the original DNA (no change in the
protein, reduced function, no protein formed, etc.)?
Answers
The missense mutation refers to the replacement in a single base that provockes the addition of a different amino acid to the building protein, reducing its function. This is a missense mutation. It does not cause a frameshift. An adenine from the original sequence is replaced by a cytosine. The mutated codon, instead of coding for Trp, codes for Gly, causing a reduction in the protein's function.
What are point mutations and missense mutations?In point mutations a single nucleotide changes. This affected unit can change to another nucleotide, can be removed, or can be added.
Point mutation affects single base pair.
There are three types of points mutations
• silent mutations
• missense mutation
• nonsense mutation.
In missense mutations, one nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide. This replacement causes a change in the mRNA codon, which codes for a different amino acid.
This change affects the protein by decreasing its original function.
The exposed situation is an example of a missense mutation because a single nucleotide changes and the resulting codon codes for another amino acid.
An adenine -A- in the original strand is replaced by a cytosine -C-.
Normal DNA Sequence: CGG CGG ACC CCA TTC
mRNA: GCC GCC UGG GGU AAG
Amino Acids: Ala Ala Trp Gly Lys
Mutated DNA Sequence: CGG CGG CCC CCA TTC
mRNA: GCC GCC GGG GGU AAG
Amino Acids: Ala Ala Gly Gly Lys
This is a point mutation. Especifically, it is a missense mutation because the change of the single base caused a change in the codon, and this new codon codes for a different amino acid.
The original codon was ACCThe mutated codon was CCCThe adenine was replaced by the cytosine.
Original codon (ACC) coded for TrpMutated codon (CCC) coded for GlyThis mutation did not caused a frameshift, because a frameshift involves the addition or deletion of bases. In this case, a base was replaced by another base.
Since this missense mutation caused a change in the amino acid sequence, it might cause a reduction in the protein's function.
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Miguel is thinking about taking a supplement that is supposed to help build muscles more quickly in fewer workouts. Which of the following statements shows how Miguel's peers influence him in an unhealthy way
Answers
The correct statement is statement B. "You should try this because everyone else takes them"
Miguel's peers influence him in an unhealthy way by pressuring him to try a muscle-building supplement based on the fact that everyone else takes them.
It shows how Miguel's peers are influencing him in an unhealthy way. This statement promotes a decision based on peer pressure and popularity rather than considering the individual's specific needs, health, and consulting with professionals. It disregards the importance of personal research, medical advice, and understanding potential risks associated with the supplement.
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11
12 13
14
15
Which is a frameshift mutation?
O substitution
O nonsense
O silent
O
deletion
16
Answers
Deletion mutations in the type of frameshift mutation. thus option D is the correct option.
What do you mean by frameshift mutation?An insertion or deletion that changes the protein's entire reading frame is known as a frameshift mutation, and it has the potential to be very dangerous.
Frameshift mutations are deletions or additions of 1, 2, or 4 nucleotides that change the ribosome reading frame and result in premature translation termination at a new nonsense or chain termination codon (TAA, TAG, and TGA).
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Which of the following statements is false?
A. Disruptions in an ecosystem are normal and natural changes.
B. Disruptions in an ecosystem are only caused by tornadoes, hurricanes, and floods.
C. Disruptions in an ecosystem are caused by both human activity and environmental disturbances.
D. Ecosystems are complex, interactive systems that include both biotic and abiotic components of the environment.
Answers
Answer:B
Explanation:
Common sense ♀️
Answer:
c
Explanation:
humans can also disrupt the ecosystem as well as natural causes
What is a characteristic that allowed plants to move onto and adapt to dry land"
Select one:
O a. the development of spores
O b. sporophyte dominance
c.
O d. gametophyte dominance
O e. the development of the flower
the development of a protected embryo
Answers
Plants have evolved a variety of adaptations in order to thrive on land, including the ability to retain their embryos, a cuticle, stomata, and vascular tissue.
What is a characteristic that allowed plants to move onto and adapt to dry land?Embryo retention, a cuticle, stomata, and vascular tissue are only a few of the adaptations that plants have developed to survive on land.
A waxy cuticle that covers the plant's outer surface and prevents evaporation from drying it out is one of the adaptations and traits that ARE found in (almost) all land plants. UV radiation damage is also partially thwarted by the cuticle.
Vascular tissues, roots, leaves, waxy cuticles, and a hard exterior that shields the spores are all adaptations to life on land. The vascular tissues, roots, leaves, cuticle cover, and a hard outer coating that shields the spores all helped plants adapt to arid ground.
Therefore, the correct answer is option e. the development of the flower
the development of a protected embryo.
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Introduction to punnett squares and alleles worksheet
Answers
A Punnett square is a diagram that is utilized to calculate the likelihood of an offspring inheriting a specific trait from its parents. This diagram is commonly used in the study of genetics and is named after its creator, Reginald Punnett.
Punnett squares utilize alleles, which are variations of a particular gene that can produce differing traits. Alleles are usually represented as letters, with uppercase letters representing dominant alleles and lowercase letters representing recessive alleles.
The Punnett square is made up of two axes, with the father’s alleles listed along the top and the mother’s alleles listed along the side. The possible combinations of these alleles are then shown within the squares of the grid. For example, if a father has an A allele and a mother has a B allele, their offspring could inherit an AB allele, an AA allele, a BB allele, or a BA allele.
Punnett squares are used to study a variety of genetic traits, such as blood type, eye color, and height, and can provide useful information about inheritance patterns.
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What are the drops of water that form on cool surfaces during the night called?
A. Snow
B. Dew
C. Steam
D. Rain
Answers
Answer:
The correct option is B
Explanation:
Dew is the water droplets found on objects outside of an enclosed/covered area in the morning. Dew occurs as a result of condensation of moisture in the cold atmosphere (at night) which is converted to liquid when it touches objects of higher thermal energy; converting the water in the moist air into water droplets known.
during the replication process how is the supercoiling DNA corrected?
Answers
Bacteria and archaea together make up the most widespread group of
organisms on Earth, the
a. eukaryotes.
b. prokaryotes.
c. viruses.
d. pathogens.
Answers
The correct answer is b. prokaryotes.
Eukaryotic v.s. ProkaryoticYou can recall that there are two major different types of cells: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, and prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
Bacteria, such as the streptococcus bacteria (which causes infections like strep throat and rheumatic fever), do not have a nucleus. This sets them apart from other types of cells. For instance, white blood cells (WBCs) do have a nucleus, but red blood cells do not.
Since bacteria are prokaryotic (do not have a nucleus), we cannot categorize them as eukaryotic. This renders option A incorrect.
Bacteria v.s. VirusesBacteria and viruses are also contrasting. Bacteria cause infections like pneumonia and skin infections (such as cellulitis), but viruses are in charge of most upper respiratory infections (URIs), like the common cold or the Novel Coronavirus.
As such, bacteria cannot be categorized under the viruses category. This means that option C cannot be correct.
Are archaea pathogenic?Pathogens are different biological microorganisms that can cause infections. Both viruses and bacteria fall under this category. However, archaea are not known to create any type of disease in humans and are therefore marked as non-pathogenic.
As such, bacteria and archaea cannot make up a group of pathogenic organisms, so this means that option D is also incorrect.
The final answer choice that is correct is b. prokaryotes.
Which question, when answered with "yes", indicates that a behavior is an instinct?
A
Does the behavior happen after the organism sees it?
B
Does the behavior improve the more the organism does it?
C
Is the behavior the same in all organisms in a population?
D
Is the behavior taught through play based experiences?
Answers
Answer: A
Does the behavior happen after the organism sees it?
Explanation:
What was the name of the cyclone that hit Chandipur in 2009?
Answers
Answer:
The name of cyclone that hit chandipur in 2009 was tropical cyclone.
The enzyme _____ is required for fermentation of pyruvate to lactate. fermentation of pyruvate to ethanol requires the enzyme .
Answers
The enzyme required for fermentation of pyruvate to lactate is lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, utilizing NADH as a coenzyme. This process occurs in the absence of oxygen and is a common pathway in various organisms, including certain bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells, during anaerobic conditions or when oxygen availability is limited.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme involved in the conversion of pyruvate to lactate during anaerobic glycolysis. It plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism, particularly in situations where there is a high demand for energy and limited oxygen availability.
LDH catalyzes the reversible conversion of pyruvate to lactate, utilizing the coenzyme NADH. In the process, NADH transfers its high-energy electrons to pyruvate, leading to the reduction of pyruvate to lactate while oxidizing NADH back to NAD+. This reaction helps regenerate NAD+ so that it can participate in further glycolysis, allowing the production of ATP to continue in the absence of oxygen.
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let-7 mirnas the let-7 family of mirnas regulate insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes. these mirnas accumulate in human cells with age. overexpression of let-7 mirnas in mice led to insulin-resistance and diabetes in these mice. what strategy involving let-7 mirnas might be a potential treatment for obesity and diabetes?
Answers
Treatment with antagomirs specific to let-7 strategy might be a potential treatment for obesity and diabetes.
Let-7 family miRNAs must be the exclusive target of the therapy. Options c and d are so eliminated. Let-7 mRNA expression needs to be reduced in order to treat diabetes and obesity, hence restoration via viral vectors is not a viable approach. Option A is not an option. When let-7 miRNA specific inhibitors are used, their expression will be downregulated and insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor signaling pathways will be promoted, helping to treat diabetes and obesity.
The Let-7 microRNA precursor was discovered as a result of a research on the timing of development in C. elegans, and it was later established that it belongs to the much wider family of non-coding RNAs known as microRNAs. Let-7 family member and human miR-98 microRNA precursor.
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when testing for light touch, what type of receptors will be triggered if you touch too firmly but without causing pain?
Answers
The type of receptors that will be triggered if you touch too firmly but without causing pain is pressure receptors or mechanoreceptors.
Receptors are specialized sensory cells that detect and respond to different types of stimuli such as light, sound, temperature, pressure, and chemicals. There are several different types of receptors, including: Photoreceptors, Auditory receptors, Thermoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, and Nociceptors.
Each type of receptor is specialized to detect specific types of stimuli and send signals to the central nervous system for interpretation and response.
Pressure receptors or mechanoreceptors are responsible for detecting pressure or vibrations in the skin and transmitting this information to the central nervous system. If the pressure is too strong, it will activate the pressure receptors and cause an increased sensory response, even though no pain is felt. This is why a light touch is important in these types of tests.
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help help help help help help
Answers
Answer:
The DNA is a double stranded nucleotide. The DNA is consisted of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases such as adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
The adenine always base pairs with thymine, so whatever the percentage of an adenine in a DNA strand is, always the same with thymine. Same thing with Guanine as it always base pairs with Cytosine.
A = T
G = C
Explanation:
Let's take the cow as an example.
If its adenine content is 28%, it has also 28% thymine content. 28 + 28 = 56% So, the remaining percentage is G and C, which is 44%. The 44% will be consisted of 22% guanine and 22% cytosine, making it 100%.
look at the picture
A bird that can easily out complete other birds for its food and that can produce many eggs has high what?
Answers
Answer:
Fitness or aptitude
Explanation:
Aptitude (or fitness) is the genotype/phenotype that results in the survival, fertility, and capability of having a mate. It is a way of measuring the individual ability to leave fertile offspring.
Aptitude puts together everything that matters in natural selection. Includes the survival capability, finding a mate partner possibility, producing fertile descendants, and leaving the genes to the next generation. The aptitude of a genotype must be significant for natural selection to act in its favor.
Which of the following regulatory mechanisms is considered faster than the others? (a) feedback Io inhibition (b) enzyme induction (c) enzyme repression (d) b &c
Answers
The regulatory mechanism considered faster than the others is (a) feedback Io inhibition.
Feedback inhibition, also known as feedback regulation or allosteric regulation, is the fastest regulatory mechanism among the given options.
This process allows an enzyme's activity to be rapidly modulated based on the concentration of specific substrates or products.
In feedback inhibition, the final product of a metabolic pathway binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction in the pathway, causing a conformational change that reduces the enzyme's activity.
This mechanism helps maintain appropriate levels of the final product and prevents overproduction.
Since this process occurs directly on the enzyme and is based on the concentration of substrates or products, it happens quickly and provides rapid control over the enzymatic reactions.
Enzyme induction (b) and enzyme repression (c) are both slower regulatory mechanisms that involve changes in gene expression to increase or decrease the synthesis of specific enzymes.
These mechanisms require the synthesis of new proteins and thus take longer to regulate enzyme activity compared to feedback inhibition.
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“Friction is a way to create electricity because it creates charged particles.”
Answers
Answer:
Friction actually generated friction because you create charges that are dealing with electricity. When you rub some against each other , you can create a little spark which is electricity . Friction can produce static or something because it can be transferred by two or more items.
Explanation:
Please help me!!!!!!!!!!
Which organisms undergo Carnegie stages?
Answers
Answer:
Only the sheep will undergo carnegie stages, because sheep are mammals.
Carnegie stages refer to how we mammals reproduce, more specifically the stages in which embryos form.
Hope this helps :)
Answer:
sheep and salamander
you're welcome :)
which of the following overall sequences is correct with regard to gluconeogenesis? oxaloacetate -> f6p -> fbp -> glucose pyruvate -> fbp -> pep -> glucose oxaloacetate -> pep -> g6p -> glucose f6p -> fbp -> glucose -> g6p lactate -> pep -> pyruvate -> g6p
Answers
The correct overall sequence for gluconeogenesis is oxaloacetate -> malate -> fumarate -> oxaloacetate -> PEP -> glucose.
The other sequences listed in the question are incorrect. While f6p, fbp, and g6p are involved in the process, they are not in the correct order or missing steps in between. Pyruvate and lactate are also involved in gluconeogenesis, but they do not follow the sequences listed in the question.
In gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate is first converted to malate, then to fumarate, and then back to oxaloacetate to create a cycle that can produce glucose. From oxaloacetate, PEP is formed, which then undergoes several steps to produce glucose. The process requires energy in the form of ATP and also requires other intermediates and enzymes to complete the conversion.
Overall, gluconeogenesis is the process by which the body can produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as proteins and fats. It is an important process in maintaining blood glucose levels, especially during fasting or exercise when glucose stores are depleted.
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