personal exposures to fine particulate matter and black carbon in households cooking with biomass fuels in rural ghana

Answers

Answer 1

The required results of personal exposures to fine particulate matter and black carbon in households cooking with biomass fuels in rural ghana is given below.

Abstract to look at cooking practices and 24-h personal and kitchen area exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon in cooks using biomass in Ghana. Researchers administered an in-depth survey to 421 households.

The majority of households cooked outdoors (55%; 231/417), used biomass (wood or charcoal) as their primary fuel (99%; 412/413), and cooked on traditional fires (77%, 323/421).  within the sub-sample of 29 households with complete, valid exposure monitoring data, the 24-h integrated concentrations of PM2.5 were substantially higher within the kitchen sample (mean 446.8 µg/m3) than within the personal air sample (mean 128.5 µg/m3). Black carbon concentrations followed the identical pattern such that concentrations were higher in the kitchen sample (14.5 µg/m3) than within the personal air sample (8.8 µg/m3). Spikes in real-time personal concentrations of PM2.5 accounted for the bulk of exposure; the most polluted 5%, or 72 min, of the 24-h monitoring period, accounted for 75% of all exposure. Two variables that had some predictive power for private  PM2.5 exposures were primary fuel type and ethnicity, while reported kerosene lantern use was related to increased personal and kitchen area concentrations of black carbon.

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Related Questions


Chlorinated fluorocarbons are listed as a hazardous waste based
on which hazardous waste characteristic?

Answers

Chlorinated fluorocarbons are considered hazardous substances due to their detrimental impact on the ozone layer, but they are not explicitly listed as hazardous waste.

Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs), despite not being on the list of hazardous waste, are nonetheless regarded as toxic due to their detrimental impact on the ozone layer and the environment. The Montreal Protocol has phased out CFCs, which were once widely used in sectors like refrigeration and as aerosol propellants.

They cause ozone depletion when they are released into the atmosphere. Although CFCs are not classified as hazardous waste, they can have a severe impact on the environment and people's health if they are improperly disposed of or leaked.

The ecosystem and public health may be in danger since CFCs persist in the environment and contribute to air pollution. It's critical to handle and dispose of CFCs properly to reduce their harmful effects on the environment and to prevent further ozone layer damage.

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where and how are chromosomes formed ? state their significance



Answers

Chromosomes are formed inside the nucleus of a cell. They carry genetic information and are responsible for traits and characteristics passed down from one generation to the next. Chromosomes play a crucial role in cell division, and chromosomal abnormalities can lead to a variety of genetic disorders.

Chromosomes are formed inside the nucleus of a cell. The number of chromosomes present in the cells is constant for a given organism, which is known as the chromosome number. The chromosomes in eukaryotic cells are formed by the condensation of chromatin fibers during cell division, and they carry genetic information in the form of genes. Chromosomes are significant for various reasons. The DNA present in chromosomes carries the genetic information necessary for the development, growth, and functioning of an organism. Chromosomes are responsible for traits and characteristics passed down from one generation to the next. In addition, chromosomes play a crucial role in cell division, ensuring that each daughter cell receives the correct amount of genetic information. Chromosomal abnormalities can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, including Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome. Therefore, the formation and structure of chromosomes are important for understanding genetics and disease.

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Which of the following might be included in a chemical
reaction?
a
Molecules
blons
Pure elements
d
All of the above

Answers

Answer:

b) ions

Explanation:

Answer: all of the above

Explanation:

mass of 0.5 moles of co2

Answers

Answer:

Mass of 0.5 moles of CO2 is 22 gm.

Explanation:

1 mole of CO2 = 44 gm

0.5 mole of CO2 = 0.5 × 44 = 22 gm

Which reaction occurs when you add NaOH to the buffer solution? (Ac = acetate) a. HAc + H_3O^+ leftrightarrow H_2 + H_2O Ac^- b. Ac^- + OH^- leftrightarrow AcOH c. HAc + OH^- leftrightarrow Ac^- H_2O d. HAc + H_3O^+ leftrightarrow Ac^- + H_2O e. Ac^- + H_3O leftrightarrow HAc + H_2O f. OH^- + H_3O leftrightarrow 2 H_2O g. HAc + Ac^- leftrightarrow Ac^- + HAc

Answers

The correct answer is d. HAc + H3O+ ⇌ Ac- + H2O.

When NaOH is added to a buffer solution containing acetic acid (HAc) and its conjugate base (Ac-), the hydroxide ions (OH-) from NaOH react with the hydronium ions (H3O+) from the acetic acid. This reaction forms water (H2O) and the acetate ion (Ac-), shifting the equilibrium towards the acetate ion and decreasing the concentration of acetic acid. This maintains the pH of the buffer solution by neutralizing the added base and preventing significant changes in acidity.

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Explain each of these impacts and suggest a solution that would reduce the losses caused by bycatch.

Answers

Answer:

Bycatch can negatively affect species such as dolphins, sea turtles, protected fish, and whales by harming animals, contributing to population declines, and impeding population recovery. Other impacts of fisheries on marine mammals may include removal of their preferred prey and sometimes habitat damage.

Explanation: hey could i get to kno u or sum

Scientists are developing new methods of conservation to preserve species in danger of extinction. Captive breeding programs try to restore the population of a species. Germ plasm is any form of genetic material contained in reproductive or germ cells or plants and animals. Germ plasm banks also knowns as gene banks save sperm, egg or DNA. Farmers also save germ seeds to replant seeds of plants.

13. One way scientists save species in danger of extinction is by:
A logging tropical rain forests
B developing new methods of conservation
C removing species from endangered lists
D abandoning new methods of conservation

Answers

Answer:

B. Developing new methods of conservation

Explanation:

Such as the Germ Plasm in the excerpt. This is an example of new conservation methodology

why does one should use naoh solution in the extraction procedure?

Answers

the use of NaOH solution in extraction procedures can help to adjust the pH of the solution, enhance the solubility of organic compounds in the aqueous layer, and help to separate different compounds based on their relative solubilities.

NaOH (sodium hydroxide) solution is often used in extraction procedures to adjust the pH of the solution and to make the organic compounds more soluble in the aqueous layer.

When an organic compound is mixed with water, it may dissolve partially or not at all due to differences in polarity between the two substances. By adjusting the pH of the solution with NaOH, the organic compounds can become more soluble in the aqueous layer because the addition of a basic solution can convert acidic functional groups in the organic compound to their conjugate bases. For example, carboxylic acids (an acidic functional group commonly found in organic compounds) can be converted to their water-soluble carboxylate salt forms by the addition of a basic solution such as NaOH.

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There are two kinds of mixtures, homogenous and heterogenous. Homogenous mixture is the mixture that has uniform composition, while heterogenous mixture does not have a uniform composition.

A. True

B. False

Answers

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Homo = same

Hetero = different

It’s trueeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

If the centre of an atom contains 8 particle that are charged, how many particles are revolving round this centre?​

Answers

Explanation:

charged particles=8 which is proton and proton=no.of electron. That's why 8 particles are revolving round this center. And this atom structure is of oxygen

If the center of an atom has 8 charged particles that are protons as the neutrons are neutral there will be 8 negative charges that are electrons revolving around the center nucleus.

What is an atom?

An atom is defined as the smallest unit of matter which forms an element. Every form of matter whether it is  solid,liquid or  gas consists of atoms . Each atom has a nucleus which is composed of protons and neutrons and shells in which the electrons revolve.

The protons are positively charged particles  and neutrons are neutral and hence the nucleus is positively charged. The electrons which revolve around the nucleus are negatively charged  particles and hence the atom as a whole is neutral and stable due to presence of oppositely charged particles.

Atoms of the same element are similar as they have number of sub- atomic particles which on combination do not alter the chemical properties of the substances.

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The "proton pumps" indicated in the figure are physically associated with ______.a. the electron transport chainb. the Krebs cyclec. the ATP synthased. glycolysis

Answers

The "proton pumps" indicated in the figure are physically associated with the electron transport chain.

What are Proton Pumps?

The proton pumps are embedded within the inner mitochondrial membrane and play a crucial role in generating the proton gradient, which drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.

The "proton pumps" are part of the electron transport chain (ETC). The ETC is a series of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transport electrons from electron donors (such as NADH and \(FADH_{2}\)) to electron acceptors (such as oxygen) through a series of redox reactions. As electrons pass through the ETC, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient that is used to generate ATP by the ATP synthase enzyme.

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Theory of Plate Tectonics: Complete the sentence:
1. The theory of plate tectonics states that the
is broken into pieces called
slowly moving due to

Answers

It is believed that tectonic plates move as a result of convection in the asthenosphere and gravity.

What are Tectonic plates?

According to the widely recognized scientific hypothesis known as plate tectonics, the Earth's lithosphere is made up of many sizable tectonic plates that have been steadily moving for nearly 3.4 billion years.

A tectonic plate, also known as a lithospheric plate, is a sizable slab of solid rock with an uneven shape that is typically made up of both continental and oceanic lithosphere. The Pacific and Antarctic Plates are among the largest plates, but they can range in size from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers broad.

Thus, it follows that convection in the asthenosphere and gravity are thought to be the causes of tectonic plate movement.

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which size of micropipette would you select to deliver 215 microliters?

Answers

The size of micropipette that you would select to deliver 215 microliters would be a micropipette with a volume range of 200-1000 microliters.

What is a micropipette?

A micropipette is a laboratory instrument used to measure and dispense small volumes of liquid, typically in the range of microliters (µL) or nanoliters (nL). They are commonly used in chemistry, biology, and biochemistry experiments, as well as in clinical and industrial settings.

Micropipettes consist of a handle, a digital or manual volume adjustment mechanism, and a tip that is placed into the liquid to be dispensed. They work by creating a vacuum or positive pressure inside the tip, which draws or pushes the liquid out of the tip.

Micropipettes come in different volume ranges and it is important to select the right one to ensure accurate delivery of the desired volume. For example, a micropipette with a volume range of 2-10 microliters would not be suitable for delivering 215 microliters, while a micropipette with a volume range of 200-1000 microliters would be more appropriate.

It's also important to note that, even if the micropipette is able to deliver 215 microliters, you should always check the calibration of the micropipette before use, to make sure that it's delivering the correct volume.

Hence, a micropipette with a volume range of 200-1000 microliters is suitable to deliver 215 microliters.

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Sodium is a metal from the left side of the periodic table and those always form _____?

A. Cations
B. Anions
C. Proton Donors
D. Proton Acceptors

Answers

The correct answer is A) Cations

Answer:

A. Cations

Explanation:

To answer this question, you first need to understand the definitions of the answers. A cation is a positively charged ion; this means it lost an electron. An anion is a negatively charged ion that has gained one or more electrons. Proton donors and acceptors don't exist because atoms do not take or give protons. If an atom's number of protons changes then the element itself changes.

Metals have low electronegativity because their number of valence electrons is low; this means they want to get rid of electrons. So, when sodium bonds with another element, it loses an electron. Since it loses an electron it gains a positive charge and becomes a cation.

Which of the following shows an unsaturated fatty acid?

Which of the following shows an unsaturated fatty acid?

Answers

Unsaturated fatty acids are the first option (A).

What is  fatty acids ?A fat or fatty acid that contains one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chain is referred to be an unsaturated fat.If a fat molecule has just one double bond, it is considered monounsaturated; if it has multiple double bonds, it is considered polyunsaturated. The unsaturated fat (A) in this instance is polyunsaturated.Fruits, vegetable oils, seeds, nuts, animal fats, and fish oils are fatty acid sources. Omega-3 fatty acids are among the essential fatty acids that play a crucial role in cellular processes. The body lacks a biochemical route to manufacture these compounds on its own, hence they are a necessity of the human diet.

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Which will be the best leaving group for a nucleophilic reaction?

Answers

Weaker bases are better leaving groups
Alkyl chlorides are indeed common reactants in laboratory nucleophilic substitution reactions, as are alkyl bromides and alkyl iodides. Iodide, which is the least basic of the four common halides (F, Cl, Br, and I), is the best leaving group among them.

Have A Lovely Day!

Alkyl bromides, alkyl iodides, and alkyl chlorides are all typical reactants in laboratory nucleophilic substitution processes. The best leaving group among the four common halides (F, Cl, Br, and I) is iodide, which is the least basic of them all.

Do Sn1 or Sn2 require an excellent leaving group?

Sn1 and Sn2: Since both sn1 and sn2 reactions need strong leaving groups, the type of leaving group has no effect on the reaction. A extremely weak leaving group, however, might stop either reaction from happening at all.

What is nucleophilic substitution with leaving group ability?

When an electrophile that is positively charged attacks a nucleophile that is rich in electrons, the leaving group from the nucleophile is replaced.

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what do you think will happen when you put corn starch and water

Answers

The corn starch and water will stay separated and eventually sit in the glass as layers. This is due to the 2 fluids having different densities far enough from one another that the fluids do not mix.

Answer:

Cornstarch and water mixed acts both like a solid and a liquid.

Explanation:

Cornstarch and water is a suspension mixture with a solid dispersed into a liquid. When you press the mixture quickly, the starch molecules close together. This causes the water to get trapped between the starch chains and create a semi-rigid structure.

PLEASE HELP

- Methods of electrical charging

- Classification of elements based on electric conductivity.

- Share at least one example of each element of conductivity

- Please include key points (about 3) and very briefly share your experience about this activity.

Answers

Electricity can be charged via a variety of techniques, such as frictional charging, contact charging, and induction charging.

What kind of material exhibits electrical conductivity?

For conducting electricity, metals like copper, iron, gold, aluminium, and silver work best. Via the electrodes in a standardised aqueous solution at a specific temperature, the electrical conductivity of a substance is measured.

How can you determine whether an element is a metal or a non-metal using electrical conductivity?

A substance is a metal if it conducts electricity and has a basic oxide. A non-metal is an element whose oxide is acidic but not electrically conducting.

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How is the heme molecule attached to the globin protein?.

Answers

Answer:

The hydrophobic core of the globin fold favors heme binding, but it is the proximal F8 (helix F, position 8) histidine that actually binds the heme cofactor to the protein by coordinating to the heme iron's fifth coordinate. Gaseous ligands bind to the iron's sixth coordinate at the opposite side of the heme plane.

Which element has the atomic number of 17?

Answers

I’m pretty positive the answer would be chlorine
The answer is Chlorine

please tell me if i did it right. did i put the right electric charge

please tell me if i did it right. did i put the right electric charge
please tell me if i did it right. did i put the right electric charge

Answers

Answer:

its good but your answer

calculation of rate law and rate constant selecting the reaction order which of the two graphs best indicates the correct order with respect to allura red dye? first order select based on the graph you selected in the previous question, what is the order of the reaction with respect to \text{[dye]}[dye]? first order select calculating the rate constant, kk based on the order of reaction you selected: what is the rate constant, kk, for each of the solutions?

Answers

The dye, the rate constant can be Solution 1 is 0.0075 min-1 and for Solution 2 is 0.0060 min-1.

What is constant?

A constant is a fixed value that does not change over time. It is often used to represent a necessary part of a program, such as a mathematical constant or a physical constant, like the speed of light. In programming languages, constants are usually declared with the keyword "const" or "define". Constant values are typically used to create functions or calculations that are not affected by changing values of other variables or constants.

The rate constant, k, is calculated using the equation:
k = (change in concentration of dye)/(time)(initial concentration of dye)^order of reaction
For the first graph, which indicates a first order reaction with respect to the dye, the rate constant can be calculated as follows:
Solution 1: k = (1.8 - 0.4) / (240)(0.4) = 0.0075 min-1
Solution 2: k = (1.8 - 0.4) / (300)(0.4) = 0.0060 min-1

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I need help please really quick

I need help please really quick

Answers

Answer: False

Explanation:

Atoms comprise a proton with electrons that can be bonded with a neutron. Isotopes change in atomic mass due to the increase or decrease in neutrons; since neutrons always bond with protons, the number of atoms stays the same.

The parts of the Earth that contain living organisms ​

Answers

Answer:

Biosphere

The Biosphere --contains all the planet's living things. This sphere includes all of the microorganisms, plants, and animals of Earth. Within the biosphere, living things form ecological communities based on the physical surroundings of an area.

Explanation:

Answer:

Biosphere

Explanation:The Biosphere --contains all the planet's living things. This sphere includes all of the microorganisms, plants, and animals of Earth. Within the biosphere, living things form ecological communities based on the physical surroundings of an area. hope this helps (:

You know that a gas in a sealed container has a pressure of 111 kPa at 300 K. What will the
pressure be if the temperature rises to 450 K?

Answers

The pressure of the gas in the sealed container will increase to 166.5 kPa when the temperature rises to 450 K.

3) What is the mass of 1 mole of selenium (Se)?

Answers

Answer:

78.96 grams

Explanation:

I looked it up and that's what I found

hope it helps

Answer:

78.96 g mol

Explanation:

78.96 g mol

in the period table the mass of Se is 78.96 g mol

How many protons does Royalty, R-13, have?
Royalty is element #6.
O 13
07
06
O 19

Answers

19



please lmk if i was right:))

PLZ Help asap!!!!

Sulfuric acid is purchased full-strength at 18.0M. How many milliliters of full-strength acid are needed to prepare 500.0 mL of aqueous 0.35M H2SO4? Round your answer to 3 significant figures.
A. 13.4 mL
B. 82.6 mL
C. 9.70 mL
D. 79.0 mL

Answers

Answer:

C. 9.70

Explanation:

Hello,

This problem is a simple dilution problem which utilizes the formula M1V1= M2V2 (where M is molarity, V is volume). I have attached a helpful image as well.

M1 V1 = M2 V2

(18) (x) = (0.35) (500)

x = 9.72mL which is close enough to option C.

PLZ Help asap!!!!Sulfuric acid is purchased full-strength at 18.0M. How many milliliters of full-strength

IF RIGHT I WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST
Which of the following types of soil would have the highest porosity?
A. 50% sand, 50 % clay
B. 80% sand, 20% silt
C. 40% clay, 60% silt
D. 80% clay, 20% sand

Answers

Answer:

80% clay 20% sand

Hope this helped <3

Answer:

B

Explanation:

Sand is much more bigger than clay meaning there are gaps between each grain of sand making it easier for water to flow into it.

Which of the following is an example of a chemical property of matter? A. ductility B. thermal conductivity C. malleability D. reactivity

Answers

Answer: malleability

Explanation:

Answer:

C

Explanation:

I think too hehehe...same C

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