Problem2.14 Consider the RLCelectrical circuit given below, where the input is currenti \( i_{1}(t) \) and the output is voltage \( v_{o}(t) \). (a) Find the state-variable model \( (A, B, C, D) \) fo
Answers
State variable models: A state-variable model describes the behavior of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system. It is a way of representing an LTI system that takes into account the system's internal state, which is the stored energy within the system's capacitors and inductors.
The output of an LTI system is determined by its input, its initial conditions (i.e., the values of its state variables at time zero), and the system's transfer function (which describes how the system responds to a given input). The state-variable model of an LTI system consists of a set of first-order differential equations that describe the evolution of the system's state variables over time.
It is usually represented in matrix form as \(x' = Ax + Bu y = Cx + Du\)where x is the state vector, u is the input vector, y is the output vector, A is the state matrix, B is the input matrix, C is the output matrix, and D is the direct transmission matrix.
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Related Questions
How can statistical analysis of a dataset inform a design process
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Answer:
Explanation:.
what is automotive engineering?
Answers
Answer:
Vehicle Design and Manufacturing
Explanation:
Automotive engineering is simply a branch of vehicle engineering that focuses on the design and manufacturing of various types of automobiles. It involves the in-depth application of math in the design and production of the vehicles.
why a hard disk called a random access stroage device
Answers
RAM is called “random access” because any storage location on the computer can be accessed directly (as opposed to randomly).
Help, quick please. I need help with my engineering word problem
Answers
Answer:
a
Explanation:
an example of a non-traditional intersection is ___
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It is desired to obtain 500 VAR reactive power from 230 Vrms 50 Hz 1.5 KVAR reactor. What should be the angle of the AC to AC converter to be used? Calculate the THD of the current drawn from the mains (consider up to the 12th harmonic)?
Answers
Answer:
14.5° ; THD % = 3.873 × 100 = 387.3%.
Explanation:
Okay, in this question we are given the following parameters or data or information which is going to assist us in solving the question efficiently and they are;
(1). "500 VAR reactive power from 230 Vrms 50 Hz 1.5 KVAR reactor".
(2). Consideration of up to 12th harmonic.
So, let us delve right into the solution to the question above;
Step one: Calculate the Irms and Irms(12th) by using the formula for the equation below;
Irms = reactive power /Vrms = 500/230 = 2.174 A.
Irms(12th) = 1.5 × 10^3/ 12 × 230 = 0.543 A.
Step two: Calculate the THD.
Before the Calculation of the THD, there is the need to determine the value for the dissociation factor, h.
h = Irms(12th)/Irms = 0.543/ 2.174 = 0.25.
Thus, THD = [1/ (h)^2 - 1 ] ^1/2. = 3.873.
THD % = 3.873 × 100 = 387.3%.
Step four: angle AC - Ac converter
theta = sin^-1 (1.5 × 10^3/ 12 × 500) = 14.5°.
3. (a) Describe the procedure of measuring the depth of modulation of an amplitude modulated (AM) wave using an oscilloscope with the internal timebase switched off and sketch the displayed waveform. (6 marks)
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1. Connect the output of the AM transmitter to the vertical input of the oscilloscope.
2. Connect a DC voltmeter across the output of the AM transmitter.
3. Set the oscilloscope to DC coupling and adjust the vertical sensitivity so that the AM waveform is clearly visible on the screen.
4. Adjust the horizontal position of the waveform so that the unmodulated carrier is centered on the screen.
5. Adjust the DC voltmeter to read the unmodulated carrier voltage.
6. Adjust the AM modulation depth so that the AM waveform just reaches the maximum and minimum levels of the carrier waveform.
7. Read the DC voltmeter again to determine the new carrier voltage.
8. Calculate the modulation depth using the formula:
Modulation Depth = (Vmax - Vmin) / (Vmax + Vmin)
Where Vmax is the carrier voltage with modulation and Vmin is the carrier voltage without modulation.
The displayed waveform will show the unmodulated carrier waveform centered on the screen, with the modulated waveform superimposed on it. The depth of modulation can be determined by measuring the maximum and minimum levels of the modulated waveform and calculating the modulation depth using the formula above.
Consider that you have a code of 200,000 instructions which is executed using a 16 stages pipeline. It is expected that 20% of the instructions will cause an exception. In order to handle the exception, there is an exception handler which is using 20 cycles to execute (includes the flushing and reloading and the actual handling of the exception). The pipeline frequency is 2 GHz
i) How many cycles does it take to execute the code?
ii) What is the average CPI for this code?
iii) How long does it take to execute the code?
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Answer:
3
Explanation:
Sharon has just invented a new tractor that will plow and plant a new hybrid of corn at the same time. Which type of engineer is she?
Answers
Answer:
Agricultural engineer
In relation to mine planning and design define scheduling
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Answer:
Scheduling is a process of create a structure that shows the way a schedule is organized before developing a complete and final schedule of a project.
Explanation:
This is the initial step in of developing a project schedule for a capital cost project. At this stage, the estimates for the project are done involving the various actions in the project. A lot of details are included in this schedule showing the activities that are to be performed and the constraints involved.
1. Write a procedure called Power that will calculate integer powers of integer numbers. In other words, it will calculate xy given that both x and y are integers.
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Here's a procedure called Power that will calculate integer powers of integer numbers.
In other words, it will calculate xy given that both x and y are integers: def power(base, exponent): if exponent == 0: return 1 elif exponent < 0:return 1 / power(base, -exponent) elif exponent % 2 == 0: return power(base * base, exponent / 2) else: return base * power(base, exponent - 1)How does this procedure work? Let's break it down into its parts:
We define a function called power that takes two arguments: base and exponent. If the exponent is 0, then we return 1. This is because any number raised to the 0th power is 1. If the exponent is negative, then we return the reciprocal of power(base, -exponent). This is because a negative exponent is equivalent to taking the reciprocal of the base raised to the positive exponent (i.e. x⁻ⁿ = 1/xⁿ).If the exponent is even, then we return power(base * base, exponent / 2). This is because any number raised to an even power can be written as the square of that number raised to half the power (i.e. x²ⁿ = (x²)ⁿ = (xⁿ)²).
If the exponent is odd, then we return base * power(base, exponent - 1). This is because any number raised to an odd power can be written as the product of that number raised to one less than the power and the base (i.e. x²ⁿ⁺¹ = x * x²ⁿ). Therefore, this procedure calculates integer powers of integer numbers by breaking the exponent down into smaller, simpler pieces and recursively calling itself until it reaches the base case of exponent = 0.
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Define hermetic compressor
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Answer:
Hermetic compressors are ideal for small refrigeration systems, where continuous maintenance cannot be ensured.
Discuss the exciton roles in silicon solar cell
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Excitons play a crucial role in silicon solar cells and are involved in several processes that contribute to the generation of electricity. Here are some key roles of excitons in silicon solar cells:
1. Absorption of Photons: When photons from sunlight strike the silicon material of a solar cell, they can be absorbed by silicon atoms, promoting an electron from the valence band to the conduction band. This process creates an exciton—a bound electron-hole pair.
2. Exciton Diffusion: After absorption, excitons can diffuse through the silicon material, moving towards the region of the solar cell where charge separation occurs. This diffusion process allows excitons to reach the vicinity of the p-n junction, where the separation of charges takes place.
3. Exciton Dissociation: At the p-n junction of a silicon solar cell, excitons can undergo dissociation. The electric field created by the junction separates the electron and hole of the exciton, allowing them to move freely in opposite directions as charge carriers.
4. Electron and Hole Transport: Once the exciton is dissociated, the free electron and hole can move independently within the solar cell. They are transported through the silicon material to the respective electrodes, creating an electric current that can be harnessed for external use.
5. Recombination: Excitons can also undergo recombination, where the electron and hole recombine, releasing energy in the form of light or heat. Recombination is undesirable in solar cells as it reduces the overall efficiency of the device.
To enhance the efficiency of silicon solar cells, various strategies are employed to minimize exciton recombination and improve exciton dissociation and charge carrier transport. These include the use of anti-reflection coatings, surface passivation techniques, and optimization of the device structure.
Overall, excitons play a vital role in the absorption and conversion of sunlight into electrical energy in silicon solar cells. Understanding and controlling exciton dynamics are essential for improving the performance of solar cells and advancing the field of photovoltaics.
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What should you do before you start welding?
Answers
Explanation:
1. Weld only in authorized areas. Make sure the area is dry, chemical free, and well ventilated.
2. Inspect the equipment before starting to use it.
3. Keep other people away, unless they are authorized to be there and are wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment.
What is NOT a physical security measure for your home? (Antiterrorism Scenario Training, Page 2)
Hiding a key outside to ensure family members can get in if they lose their keys
Changing locks to ensure key control
Confirming that a cleaning company is reliable and licensed
Having good relations with neighbors and looking out for each other
Answers
Hiding a key outside to ensure family members can get in if they lose their keys is not an effective physical security measure for your home.
Physical security measures such as changing locks to ensure key control, confirming that a cleaning company is reliable and licensed, and having good relations with neighbors and looking out for each other can all help provide greater security for your home.
Physical security is a type of security that refers to the protection of individuals, devices, and systems from physical events that could result in harm or property loss. This form of security also concerns the safeguarding of intellectual property, such as documents or computer systems. Physical security measures are steps that can be taken to prevent attacks, intrusions, or other unwanted situations in a physical environment. Physical security measures include Locks Alarm systems, Fences, Security personnel, and CCTV cameras.
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There are two potential fall hazards in this image. What are they?
Answers
Answer:
Lack of fall protection and Scaffold is overloaded
Design a double angle section for the lower chord of the roof truss depicted below. Allow for a double row of bolt holes in the larger leg. The smaller leg of the double angle used for the lower chord does not have bolts. Finally, assume no fewer than 3 bolts per line in the direction of the load. Use ASD.
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A rigid container is completely full of compressed liquid water at 500 kPa. Liquid water is then slowly drained from the container, while the pressure is maintained at 500 kPa in the container. The liquid water is removed until all of the liquid water has been removed. Show this process on a - diagram, and describe what happens to the water during the process.
Answers
We can assume that the water is initially at a pressure of 500 kPa in a compressed liquid condition, and that as it is progressively drained, its state shifts from a compressed liquid to a compressed vapor state, and finally to a superheated vapor state.
What is compressed liquid water?Subcooled liquid: A substance that has not yet vaporized. Also known as compressed liquid. A liquid that is nearly vaporizing is said to be saturated.
The liquid water progressively drains from a rigid container while being held at a pressure of 500 kPa.
During this process, the water changes states from compressed liquid to compressed vapor to finally superheated vapor.
The - diagram makes it easier for us to see this state shift and comprehend how water behaves in this scenario.
Thus, this happens to the water during the process.
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A cube is submerged in water. The depth to the top face of the cube (in meters) is H. The hydrostatic pressure at the top face of the cube (in kPa) is:
9.81H
9810H
1000H
62.4H
Answers
The correct option is (a) The hydrostatic pressure at the top face of the cube (in kPa) is 9.81H.
Hydrostatic pressure at a point in a liquid is the same in all directions and is given by the formula p = ρgh where p is the pressure, ρ is the density, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the depth of the liquid from the surface.
In this problem, we are given that the cube is submerged in water to a depth of H.
Since water has a density of 1000 kg/m3, the hydrostatic pressure at the top face of the cube (in kPa) is given by:p = ρgh = 1000 × 9.81 × H = 9.81H.
In hydrodynamics, hydrostatic pressure at a point in a liquid is the same in all directions and is given by the formula p = ρgh where p is the pressure, ρ is the density, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the depth of the liquid from the surface.
If a cube is submerged in water, we can calculate the hydrostatic pressure at the top face of the cube by applying the formula p = ρgh to the depth of the cube.
In this problem, we are given that the depth to the top face of the cube (in meters) is H. Since water has a density of 1000 kg/m3, the hydrostatic pressure at the top face of the cube (in kPa) is given by:
p = ρgh = 1000 × 9.81 × H = 9.81H
Therefore, the answer is 9.81H.
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Leah's Toys makes rubber balls. The current process is capable of producing balls that weigh, on average, 2.5 ounces, with a standard deviation of 0.34 ounces. a. The upper and lower tolerance limits are 2.9 ounces and 2.1 ounces respectively. The process capability ratio is 392 . (Enter your response rounded to three decimal places.) Leah's capable of meeting the tolerance limits 99.7% of the time. b. In order to exactly meet the tolerance limits 99.7% of the time, Leah's Toys would need to reduce the standard deviation to olices. (Enter your response rounded to two decimal places.) c. Suppose Leah's ioys invests in process improvements that lower the standard deviation to just 0.13 ounces. This en gh for Leah's to achieve Six Sigma quality levels with regard to the weight of the balls, because a new process capat y ratio is (Enter your response rounded to three decimal places.)
Answers
Let's take this step by step.
a. The process capability ratio is given as Cp = 392. However, I believe there may be a misunderstanding or typo in the original question. Process capability ratio typically falls within the range 0-3. The formula for the process capability ratio (Cp) is:
Cp = (USL - LSL) / (6σ)
Where:
- USL is the upper specification limit (in this case, 2.9 ounces)
- LSL is the lower specification limit (in this case, 2.1 ounces)
- σ is the standard deviation (in this case, 0.34 ounces)
Let's recalculate the Cp given these inputs:
Cp = (2.9 - 2.1) / (6 * 0.34) = 0.800
This indicates that Leah's Toys' process is currently capable of producing balls within the tolerance limits about 80% of the time, assuming a normal distribution of weights. There may be a misunderstanding with the provided Cp of 392.
b. If Leah's Toys wants to meet the tolerance limits 99.7% of the time, then they would need to reduce the standard deviation such that the output falls within +/- 3σ (3 standard deviations from the mean). This is also known as achieving a "Six Sigma" level of quality.
We can rearrange the Cp equation to solve for σ:
σ = (USL - LSL) / (6 * Cp)
Assuming a Cp of 1.0 (which represents a process that meets tolerance limits 99.73% of the time under a normal distribution), we find:
σ = (2.9 - 2.1) / (6 * 1.0) = 0.13 ounces
This is the standard deviation Leah's Toys would need to achieve to meet the tolerance limits 99.7% of the time.
c. If Leah's Toys invests in process improvements and lowers the standard deviation to 0.13 ounces, then the new process capability ratio (Cp) would be:
Cp = (2.9 - 2.1) / (6 * 0.13) = 1.026
This means Leah's Toys could achieve Six Sigma quality levels (99.7% of products within specification limits) with this new standard deviation. Six Sigma is often represented by a Cp or Cpk (which takes into account mean shift) of 1.5 or more, but in a perfect process centered between the limits, a Cp of 1.0 represents 99.73% within limits, which aligns with your 99.7% target.
Which gas is released in the SMAW process causing a
shielding affect on the molten weld pool?
•nitrogen
•carbon dioxide
•argon
•hydrogen
Answers
Due within next 5 minutes... Should scientists be allowed to research human cloning? Explain and defend your answer.
Answers
Answer:
science is hard but human cloning this is legendary but still its up to the government but me i would allow this because its something that science can upgrade to
Explanation:
compare and contrast the following instruments deflection and null output instruments
Answers
Deflection instruments measure the deviation of a physical quantity (e.g. voltage, current, force) from its zero value, while null output instruments determine the exact value of the physical quantity by nullifying it.
In other words, deflection instruments display the magnitude of a physical quantity, while null output instruments determine its precise value.
Examples of deflection instruments are analog voltmeters and ammeters, which measure the deviation of a voltage or current from zero. Examples of null output instruments are digital multimeters, which determine the precise value of voltage, current, or resistance by nullifying it.
which of the following tools is a special-purpose programming language for accessing and manipulating data stored in a relational database that many programmers can readily understand and use?
Answers
Structured Query Language is a special-purpose programming language for accessing and manipulating data stored in a relational database.
What is meant by Structured Query Language?The domain-specific programming language known as SQL is used for managing data stored in relational database management systems or for stream processing in relational data stream management systems. A standardized programming language called Structured Query Language (SQL) is used to administer relational databases and carry out various operations on the data they contain.A common computer language called Structured Query Language (SQL) is used to extract, organize, manage, and alter data held in relational databases. As a result, SQL is referred to as a database language that can carry out operations on databases made up of tables with rows and columns. The ANSI/ISO 1992 standard SQL data language is fully supported at the Entry Level by the SQL data language developed by Oracle Corporation for Oracle. The ANSI/ISO standard SQL language has several extensions in Oracle SQL, and extra commands are provided.
The complete question is,
_____ is a special-purpose programming language for accessing and manipulating data stored in a relational database.
a. Query by Example (QBE)
b. Access
c. Structured Query Language (SQL)
d. Java
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Find Ic(t),
If Vs(t)=8sin(4t+180°) V
3
د3
lic
62.5met
O 2.5cos(4t+53.1) A
O scos(4x+53.1°) A
O 2.5cos(4t+143°) A
Oscos(4t+143) A
Answers
Answer:
the answer is equal to 2.5cos(4t +53.1)
In a previous assignment, you created a set class which could store numbers. This class, called ArrayNumSet, implemented the NumSet interface. In this project, you will implement the NumSet interface for a hash-table based set class, called HashNumSet. Your HashNumSet class, as it implements NumSet, will be generic, and able to store objects of type Number or any child type of Number (such as Integer, Double, etc).
Notice that the NumSet interface is missing a declaration for the get method. This method is typically used for lists, and made sense in the context of our ArrayNumSet implementation. Here though, because we are hashing elements to get array indices, having a method take an array index as a parameter is not intuitive. Indeed, Java's Set interface does not have it, so it's been removed here as well.
The hash table for your set implementation will be a primitive array, and you will use the chaining method to resolve collisions. Each chain will be represented as a linked list, and the node class, ListNode, is given for you. Any additional methods you need to work with objects of ListNode you need to implement in your HashNumSet class.
You'll need to write a hash function which computes the index in an array which an element can go / be looked up from. One way to do this is to create a private method in your HashNumSet class called hash like so:
private int hash(Number element)
This method will compute an index in the array corresponding to the given element. When we say we are going to 'hash an element', we mean computing the index in the array where that element belongs. Use the element's hash code and the length of the array in which you want to compute the index from. You must use the modulo operator (%).
The hash method declaration given above takes a single parameter, the element, as a Number instead of E (the generic type parameter defined in NumSet). This is done to avoid any casting to E, for example if the element being passed to the method is retrieved from the array.
When the number of elements in your array (total elements among all linked lists) becomes greater than 75% of the capacity, resize the array by doubling it. This is called a load factor, and here we will define it as num_elements / capacity, in which num_elements is the current number of elements in your array (what size() returns), and capacity is the current length of your array (what capacity() returns).
Whenever you resize your array, you need to rehash all the elements currently in your set. This is required as your hash function is dependent on the size of the array, and increasing its size will affect which indices in the array your elements hash to. Hint: when you copy your elements to the new array of 2X size, hash each element during the copy so you will know which index to put each one.
Be sure to resize your array as soon as the load factor becomes greater than 75%. This means you should probably check your load factor immediately after adding an element.
Do not use any built-in array copy methods from Java.
Your HashNumSet constructor will take a single argument for the initial capacity of the array. You will take this capacity value and use it to create an array in which the size (length) is the capacity. Then when you need to resize the array (ie, create a new one to replace the old one), the size of the new array will be double the size of the old one.
null values are not supported, and a NullPointerException should be thrown whenever a null element is passed into add/contains/remove methods.
Example input / output
Your program is really a class, HashNumSet, which will be instantiated once per test case and various methods called to check how your program is performing. For example, suppose your HashNumSet class is instantiated as an object called numSet holding type Integer and with initialCapacity = 2:
NumSet numSet = new HashNumSet<>(2);
Three integers are added to your set:
numSet.add(5);
numSet.add(3);
numSet.add(7);
Then your size() method is called:
numSet.size();
It should return 3, the number of elements in the set. Your capacity() method is called:
numSet.capacity();
It should return 4, the length of the primitive array. Now add another element:
numSet.add(12);
Now if you call numSet.size() and numSet.capacity(), you should get 4 and 8 returned, respectively. Finally, lets remove an element:
numSet.remove(3);
Now if you call numSet.size() and numSet.capacity(), you should get 3 and 8 returned, respectively. The test cases each have a description of what each one will be testing.
Answers
An example of the implementation of the HashNumSet class that satisfies the requirements above is given in the image below.
What is the class?By implementing the NumSet interface, the HashNumSet class can utilize the size(), capacity(), add(E element), remove(E element), and contains(E element) methods.
Within the HashNumSet class, there exists a ListNode nested class that delineates a linked list node utilized for chaining any collisions occurring within the hash table. Every ListNode comprises of the element (data) and a pointer to the sequential node in the series.
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what type of plan shows the layout for portable toilets, dumpsters, and on-site parking areas be shown?
Answers
The type of plan that shows the layout for portable toilets, dumpsters, and on-site parking areas is called a site plan or a site map.
This type of plan includes details of the entire site, including the location and arrangement of all structures, equipment, and features such as landscaping, parking areas, and waste management facilities. Site plans are often required by local zoning and building regulations and may need to be approved by local authorities before construction or events can take place. The details provided in a site plan can help ensure that the site is safe, accessible, and functional for its intended use, while also minimizing potential impacts on neighboring properties and the environment.
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If the two 304-stainless-steel carriage bolts of the clamp each have a diameter of 10 mmmm, and they hold the cylinder snug with negligible force against the rigid jaws, determine the temperature at which the average normal stress in either the magnesium or the steel first becomes 12.0 MPaMPa .
Answers
Answer: hello some data related to your question is missing attached below is the missing data
answer:
T2 = 265°C
Explanation:
First step : calculate sum of vertical forces
∑ y = 0
Fmg - 2(0.5 Fst ) = 0
∴Fmg = ( 12 * 10^6 ) ( 2 * π/4 (0.01)^2 )
= 1884.96 N
Also determine the Compatibility equation in order to determine the change in Temperature
ΔT = 250°C
therefore Temperature at which average normal stress becomes 12.0 MPa
ΔT = T2 - T1
250°C = T2 - 15°C
T2 = 250 + 15 = 265°C
attached below is the detailed solution
Q. How are you informed of what to do in the event of an on-site emergency?
Answers
Answer:
I don't know
Explanation:
sorry I am answering this for points
please follow and mark as brainliest for me I will also do same
Answer:
Adapting this case to a work environment, especifically an industry, there should be a security and health brigade in charge of response against emergencies within the organization. Said brigade has the duty of giving direction to all people that could be hurt in any way by a negative event caused by the emergency These directions are given orally in the case of emergencies. Also, emergency services personnel, such as police, firefighters, and paramedics, are certified professionals who have the responsibility of protecting people against harm, and this includes giving guidance during emergencies.
For a bronze alloy, the stress at which plastic deformation begins is 275 MPa, and the modulus of elasticity is 115 GPa. (a) What is the maximum load that may be applied to a specimen with a cross-sectional area of 325 mm2 without plastic deformation
Answers
Answer:
89375 N
Explanation:
Rearrange the formula for normal stress for F:
\(\sigma=\frac{F}{A}\)
\(F=\sigma*A\)
Convert given values to base units:
275 MPa = \(275*10^{6}\) Pa
325 \(mm^{2}\) = 0.000325 \(m^{2}\)
Substituting in given values:
F = \((275*10^{6})*(0.000325)=89375\) N