The CAM therapy that uses special machines to produce negatively charged air particles or ions to treat common respiratory disorders is called "Negative Ion Therapy" or "Negative Ionization Therapy."
What does this therapy do?The therapy's objective is to augment the amount of negative ions present in a person's environment. This is based on the belief that negative ions offer numerous health advantages such as enhanced respiratory performance and decreased symptoms of respiratory ailments.
It is frequently employed as a supplementary or substitute therapy in addition to established medical remedies for respiratory ailments like asthma, allergies, and bronchitis.
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• Write a recursive function int counteven(int *numarray, int size) that will count how many even numbers there are by calling itself with an array one-size smaller than itself. Insert the following statement in the first line of your int counteven (int *numarray, int size) function to look at the address of the array: 11 GIFs printf("%p\n", numarray); Repeat exercise 1 but this time, change the recursive function int counteven(int *numarray, int size) so that it will divide the array into 2 equal halves, and then call itself with each half of the array to count how many even numbers in them. You should have the following statement in the first line of your int counteven(int *numarray, int size) function to look at the address of the array: printf("%p\n", numarray); • Run the same program as exercise 1 that creates an array of 10 integers, asks the user to input 10 numbers and stores each number into the corresponding element of the array. The program will then call the int counteven(int *numarray, int size) function to determine how many even numbers there are.
Exercise 1: Recursive function to count even numbers:
int count even(int *numarray, int size) {
// Base case and the recursive case
// ... }
int main() {
// Input numbers and call counteven()
// ...
return 0; }
Exercise 2: Recursive function to count even numbers in two halves
int count even(int *numarray, int size) {
// Base case and the recursive case
// ... }
int main() {
// Input numbers and call counteven()
// ...
return 0; }
Both exercises involve creating a recursive function, count even (), to count even numbers in an array. In Exercise 1, the process recursively calls itself with a smaller array size. In Exercise 2, the collection is divided into two halves, and the function is called recursively on each half. The main() function prompts the user to input numbers and then calls the count even() function with the array and its size as arguments. The count of even numbers is displayed as the output.
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First Order Logic
Translate into First Order Logic (FOL) the following statements. Then write the negations of the FOL propositions found.
1. All tigers are fast. Domain: animals.
2. Some tigers are fierce and dangerous. Domain: animals.
3. Every prime number is odd. Domain: positive integers.
4. All prime numbers except two are odd. Domain: positive integers.
5. All fruits are either yellow or red. Domain: produce.
6. For every integer number, there exist a bigger integer. Domain: integers.
Answer:
1) ∀x [ Tiger(x) → Fast(x) ]
2) эx [ Tiger (x) ∧ Fierce (x) ∧ Dangerous(x) ]
3) ∀x [ Prime(x) → Odd(x) ]
4) ∀x [ prime (x) ∧ ~Two(x) → Odd (x) ]
5) ∀x [ Fruits(x) → ( yellow(x) ∨ Red(x) ]
6) ∀xэy [ I(x) → greater (y, x) ]
Explanation:
Translating the statements into first Order Logic and their negations
1) All tigers are fast. Domain: animals.
∀x [ Tiger(x) → Fast(x) ]
2) Some tigers are fierce and dangerous. Domain: animals
эx [ Tiger (x) ∧ Fierce (x) ∧ Dangerous(x) ]
3) Every prime number is odd. Domain: positive integers
∀x [ Prime(x) → Odd(x) ]
4) All prime numbers except two are odd. Domain: positive integers
∀x [ prime (x) ∧ ~Two(x) → Odd (x) ]
5) All fruits are either yellow or red. Domain: produce.
∀x [ Fruits(x) → ( yellow(x) ∨ Red(x) ]
6) For every integer number, there exist a bigger integer. Domain: integers.
∀xэy [ I(x) → greater (y, x) ]
Answer:
Answer:
1) ∀x [ Tiger(x) → Fast(x) ]
2) эx [ Tiger (x) ∧ Fierce (x) ∧ Dangerous(x) ]
3) ∀x [ Prime(x) → Odd(x) ]
4) ∀x [ prime (x) ∧ ~Two(x) → Odd (x) ]
5) ∀x [ Fruits(x) → ( yellow(x) ∨ Red(x) ]
6) ∀xэy [ I(x) → greater (y, x) ]
Explanation:
Translating the statements into first Order Logic and their negations
1) All tigers are fast. Domain: animals.
∀x [ Tiger(x) → Fast(x) ]
2) Some tigers are fierce and dangerous. Domain: animals
эx [ Tiger (x) ∧ Fierce (x) ∧ Dangerous(x) ]
3) Every prime number is odd. Domain: positive integers
∀x [ Prime(x) → Odd(x) ]
4) All prime numbers except two are odd. Domain: positive integers
∀x [ prime (x) ∧ ~Two(x) → Odd (x) ]
5) All fruits are either yellow or red. Domain: produce.
∀x [ Fruits(x) → ( yellow(x) ∨ Red(x) ]
6) For every integer number, there exist a bigger integer. Domain: integers.
∀xэy [ I(x) → greater (y, x) ]
Explanation:
What is the impedance of an ideal parallel resonant circuit (no resistance in either branch)?
Answer:
infinite
Explanation:
The impedance of an ideal parallel resonant circuit is infinite at the resonant frequency. The sum of the admittances of the branches of the circuit is zero.
In seismic areas, the most crucial requirement for precast concrete is:
1) not to build higher than two stories.
2) to tie elements together laterally.
3) to make ductile concrete beams.
O 4) to use only steel columns.
5)
precast concrete cannot be used in seismic zones.
Answer:
Option 2, In seismic areas, the most crucial requirement for precast concrete is to tie elements together laterally
Explanation:
In seismic areas, the in-plane lateral forces are very larger and hence in order to restrict the lateral movement governed by the lateral force, lateral ties are essential .
Specific design detailing such as interior and perimeter ties in the floors causes diaphragm behavior and hence distribute the load evenly without any movement.
Hence, option 2 is correct
Luis is the go-to person when the team needs to coordinate their work or when they have conflicts arise. is called?
Luis is referred to as the team coordinator or team facilitator. He plays a key role in coordinating the work of the team members and resolving conflicts that may arise.
As the go-to person, Luis ensures smooth communication, collaboration, and effective teamwork within the group. He helps to organize tasks, manage timelines, facilitate meetings, and promote a positive team dynamic. The team coordinator acts as a central point of contact for team members, providing support and guidance to ensure the team's success and productivity.
A facilitator is an individual who guides and supports a group of people in achieving a specific goal or outcome. The role of a facilitator is to create an environment that encourages collaboration, open communication, and effective problem-solving within the group. They help to structure and facilitate meetings, workshops, or discussions to ensure that all participants are engaged, their voices are heard, and decisions are made collectively.
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a maximumm continuous load on an overcurrent device is limited to 90 percent of the device rating. if the protective device is rated 80a. what is the maxium continuous load permited
Based on the given data, the maximum continuous load permitted is 72A.
To determine the maximum continuous load permitted on an overcurrent device, you can follow these ways using the given information:
1. Identify the rating of the overcurrent device. In this case, the device is rated 80A.
2. Remember that the maximum continuous load is limited to 90% of the device rating.
3. Calculate the maximum continuous load by multiplying the device rating by 0.9 (90%).
Therefore, the maximum continuous load permitted on an 80A-rated overcurrent device is 72A (80A x 0.9 = 72A).
It is important to adhere to this maximum continuous load limit to prevent overheating and damage to the protective device.
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why does the voltage fall from a certain point where the maximum voltage reached?
Answer:
closer the voltage gets to its peak
Explanation:
The closer the voltage gets to its peak, the slower it changes, meaning less current has to flow. When the voltage reaches a peak at point b, the capacitor is fully charged and the current is momentarily zero. Step 2 - After reaching a peak, the voltage starts dropping.
The voltage falls from a certain point where the maximum voltage is reached due to high resistance in the electrical wiring or connectors.
What is voltage?Charged electrons (current) are pushed through a conducting loop by the pressure of the power source in an electrical circuit, allowing them to perform tasks like lighting a lamp.
Less current must flow since the voltage fluctuates more slowly as it approaches its peak. The capacitor is fully charged, and the current is briefly zero when the voltage hits a peak at the point. Another reason for it can be a circuit component that is broken
Therefore, if the voltage drop is more than the parameter's upper limit, there is a fault in the circuit. High resistance in the electrical wires or connectors is the cause of this issue.
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write a statement to declare the variable numtrans as a variable that remains in memory after updatebalance() returns.
function (curBalance) = UpdateBalance (UpdateAmt)
% UpdateBalance Updates bank account balance stored as
% persistent variable
% Inputs : UpdateAmt - ammount to be added to balance;
% debits use negative values
% Outputs : curBalance - current account balance
persistent acctBalance
:
By using the keyword "persistent" in MATLAB, the variable "numtrans" can be declared to retain its value in memory between function calls. Initializing it to 0 ensures proper functionality.
In order to declare the variable numtrans as a variable that remains in memory after UpdateBalance() returns, you can use the keyword "persistent" in MATLAB.
Here's an example statement that accomplishes this:
```persistent numtrans;```You can add this statement at the beginning of your code, before the function definition. Once this statement is executed, MATLAB will keep track of the value of the variable numtrans between function calls, even if the function UpdateBalance() has completed.Here's what your code could look like with this statement added:```persistent numtrans;function [curBalance] = UpdateBalance(UpdateAmt)% UpdateBalance Updates bank account balance stored as% persistent variable% Inputs : UpdateAmt - amount to be added to balance;% debits use negative values% Outputs : curBalance - current account balance% initialize the account balanceif isempty(acctBalance)acctBalance = 0;end% update the account balancenumtrans = numtrans + 1;acctBalance = acctBalance + UpdateAmt;curBalance = acctBalance;```
Notice that I've also added a line to initialize the variable numtrans to 0. This is because persistent variables in MATLAB are not automatically initialized to a default value like other variables.
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Calculate the energy conumed by each individual node if:
a. The node tranmit their temperature reading directly to the Sink
b. The node are organied in a cluter with node 3 a cluter-head. Let the network lifetime be defined a the time interval between the tart of t
The cluster head directs data transmission between clusters and controls the actions of its individual nodes.
What does a scientific energy mean?The definition of power as the "capacity to accomplish work" refers to the capability to exert a force that compels an object to move. Even if the word is vague, it is clear what energy actually means: it is the force that causes objects to move. Kinetic energy and potential energy are the two categories of power.
From where does energy come?Fossil fuels (coal, gas, and oil), nuclear energy, or renewable energy sources are the main energy sources. A secondary source of energy that is produced from fundamental energy sources is electricity.
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Methane gas (CH4) at 25oC, 1 atm, and a volumetric flow rate of 27m3/h enters a furnace operating at steady-state. The methane burns completely with 140% of theoretical air that enters at 127oC, 1 atm. Products of combustion exit at 427oC, 1 atm. Determine:
(a) the volumetric flow rate of the air, in m3/h.
(b) the rate of heat transfer from the furnace, in kJ/h.
Answer:
a) \(r_a=37.8m^3/h\)
b)\(Q=2.8Kw\)
Explanation:
Temperature of CH_4\(t=25C\)
CH_4Flow rate of \(r=27m3/h\)
Air Percentage \(=140\%=1.4\)
Temperature of air \(t_a=127=>400K\)
Temperature at exit\(t_e=427C=>700k\)
Generally the equation for Air's flow Rate is mathematically given by
\(r_a=air\%*r\)
\(r_a=1.4*27\)
\(r_a=37.8m^3/h\)
Generally the equation for Ideal Gas is mathematically given by
\(PV=mRT\)
\(m=\frac{PV}{RT}\)
\(m=\frac{1.01*10^5*37.8}{0.287*10^3*400}\)
\(m=33.35kg\)
Therefore
The rate of heat transfer from the furnace, in kJ/h is
\(Q=mC_p(T_e-T_a)\)
\(Q=33.35*1.005*(700-400)\)
\(Q=2.8Kw\)
Write an expression using the conditional operator (? :) that compares the value of the variable x to 5 and results in:
x if x is greater than or equal to 5
-x if x is less than 5
Expression using the conditional operator is as follows: (x >= 5) ? x : -x. This is Because the meaning of this sentence is if x is greater than or equal to 5 then the answer would be x but if x is less than 5, the answer would be -x.
In this expression, the conditional operator is used to create a ternary expression that evaluates whether x is greater than or equal to 5. If it is, the value of x is returned; if it is not, the value of -x is returned.This is an expression that is using the conditional operator that compares the value of the variable x to 5.if x is greater than or equal to 5: x if x is less than 5-x. The expression using the conditional operator that compares the value of the variable x to 5 and results in x if x is greater than or equal to 5 and -x if x is less than 5
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spray drying is a process in which a liquid containing dissolved or suspended solids is injected into a chamber through a spray nozzle or centrifugal disk atomizer. the resulting mist is contacted with hot air, which evaporates most or all of the liquid, leaving the dried solids to fall to a conveyor belt at the bottom of the chamber.
Yes, that is a correct description of the spray drying process. Spray drying is a widely used industrial process for transforming liquid materials into dry powders or granules.
What is spray drying?
Spray drying is a continuous process that can be performed at high volume and high efficiency.
It is also a flexible process that can be customized for different feedstocks and product specifications.
However, it can also be a complex process that requires careful control of operating parameters to achieve the desired product quality and yield.
The spray drying process typically involves the following steps:
Atomization: The liquid feed is atomized into small droplets using a spray nozzle or centrifugal disk atomizer. The size and shape of the droplets can be controlled to some extent by adjusting the operating conditions of the atomizer.Drying: The droplets are then introduced into a drying chamber, where they come into contact with a stream of hot air. The hot air evaporates the liquid in the droplets, leaving behind solid particles that are carried by the air flow.Collection: The dried particles are then collected using a cyclone separator or other collection device. The collected powder or granules may be further processed or packaged for shipment.The liquid feedstock can be a solution, suspension, or emulsion, and the resulting dried product can have a wide range of applications in industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, and chemicals.
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need help with 26-29. first person to answer Will get brainliest
When the variables are expressed in terms of fundamental dimensions, we get:
Absorbed radiation dose (D) [J/kg] - L²T⁻²Electrical field - E =MLT⁻³I⁻¹Acoustic impedance - Z = MT⁻¹L⁻²Magnetic permeability - µ = LTI⁻¹Ideal gas constant (R) - R = ML²T⁻²Θ⁻¹Stefan-Boltzmann constant - σ = MT⁻³Θ⁻⁴What are derived units ?In physics, derived units are units that are formed by combining fundamental units such as length, mass, time, temperature, and electric charge. For example, velocity is a derived unit that combines length and time, expressed as meters per second (m/s).
The questions 24 to 29 are asking to express the given quantities in terms of fundamental dimensions. The unit of absorbed radiation dose is the joule per kilogram (J/kg).
The unit of electrical field is volts per meter (V/m). The unit of acoustic impedance is pascals per second per meter (Pa s/m). The unit of magnetic permeability is henries per meter (H/m). The unit of ideal gas constant is atmospheres times liters per mole times kelvin (atm L/(mol K)).
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Why is it important that the orifices and the passages of the cutting tip be free of dirt, scratches,
and burrs?
Answer: It is very important that the orifices and passages be kept clean and free of burrs to permit free gas flow and to form a well-shaped flame.
Explanation:
Deviations from the engineering drawing cannot be made without the approval of the
A. contractor
B. architect
C. engineer
.D. foreman
Answer:
a. contractor
Explanation:
The contractor has to approve or give the sign for the drawings to be made, otherwise you can't do anything.
Answer:
it's option a. contractor
Explanation:
did the same quiz
What signal propagation phenomena causes the diffusion, or the reflection in multiple different directions, of a signal?
In the radio communication system, multipath is the propagation phenomenon that causes diffusion or reflection in multiple different directions of a signal.
Multipath is a propagation mechanism that impacts the propagation of signals in radio communication. Multipath results in the transmission of data to the receiving antenna by two or more paths. Diffusion and reflection are the causes that create multiple paths for the signal to be delivered.
Diffraction occurs when a signal bends around sharp corners; while reflection occurs when a signal impinges on a smooth object. When a signal is received through more than one path because of the diffraction or reflection, it creates phase shifting and interference of the signal.
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1.1.1.1, Which of the following are learning objectives for this MOOC?
Check 3 options.
1. Communicate clearly across a variety of different contexts and to a wide range of audiences by adapting communicative styles appropriately according to cultural and societal expectations.
2. Recognize and apply analytical problem solving techniques.
3. Critically evaluate the reliability of sources for an academic context.
4. Filter, manage and organize information from a wide variety of sources for use in academic study.
5. Demonstrate awareness of ethical issues related to academic integrity surrounding the access and use of information.
6. Understand the importance and function of critical thinking in academic culture.
The learning objectives for this Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) include these three (3) options:
3. "Critically evaluate the reliability of sources for an academic context."
4. "Filter, manage and organize information from a wide variety of sources for use in academic study."
5. "Demonstrate awareness of ethical issues related to academic integrity surrounding the access and use of information."
What is an online course?An online course can be defined as an academic programme that typically involves the process of providing and sharing learning resources (contents) in an organized way over the Internet, so as to allow the students (users) progress in their understanding of a course or topic.
What is MOOC?MOOC is an abbreviation for Massive Open Online Course and it can be defined as a free online course that is designed and developed to be made available for anyone to enroll over the Internet, in order to provide interested persons an affordable and flexible way to learn and acquire new skills.
In conclusion, the learning objectives for this Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) include these three (3) options:
3. "Critically evaluate the reliability of sources for an academic context."
4. "Filter, manage and organize information from a wide variety of sources for use in academic study."
5. "Demonstrate awareness of ethical issues related to academic integrity surrounding the access and use of information."
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The term route of entry on an SDS refers to the way a _____ enters the body
Answer:
No matter what u post on a football page, some fatherless dude will either say "pessi" or "penaldo"
For a steel alloy it has been determined that a carburizing heat treatment of 11.3 h duration will raise the carbon concentration to 0.44 wt% at a point 1.8 mm from the surface. Estimate the time necessary to achieve the same concentration at a 4.9 mm position for an identical steel and at the same carburizing temperature.
This question is incomplete, the complete question is;
For a steel alloy it has been determined that a carburizing heat treatment of 11.3 h duration at Temperature T1 will raise the carbon concentration to 0.44 wt% at a point 1.8 mm from the surface. A separate experiment is performed at T2 that doubles the diffusion coefficient for carbon in steel.
Estimate the time necessary to achieve the same concentration at a 4.9 mm position for an identical steel and at the same carburizing temperature T2.
Answer:
the required time to achieve the same concentration at a 4.9 is 83.733 hrs
Explanation:
Given the data in the question;
treatment time t₁ = 11.3 hours
Carbon concentration = 0.444 wt%
thickness at surface x₁ = 1.8 mm = 0.0018 m
thickness at identical steel x₂ = 4.9 mm = 0.0049 m
Now, Using Fick's second law inform of diffusion
\(x^2\) / Dt = constant
where D is constant
then
\(x^2\) / t = constant
\(x^2_1\) / t₁ = \(x^2_2\) / t₂
\(x^2_1\) t₂ = t₁\(x^2_2\)
t₂ = t₁\(x^2_2\) / \(x^2_1\)
t₂ = (\(x^2_2\) / \(x^2_1\))t₁
t₂ = \((\) \(x_2\) / \(x_1\) \()^2\) × t₁
so we substitute
t₂ = \((\) 0.0049 / 0.0018 \()^2\) × 11.3 hrs
t₂ = 7.41 × 11.3 hrs
t₂ = 83.733 hrs
Therefore, the required time to achieve the same concentration at a 4.9 is 83.733 hrs
Observe the following stream flow data for the USGS for the Mississippi River at Vicksburg. The discharge is 1,370,000 cfs, the stage reading tells us the average depth of the river is 46.46 feet, and the width of the river at this location is approximately 3,000 feet. What would the velocity of the water in the river be
The velocity of the water in the Mississippi River at Vicksburg is approximately 0.992 feet per second.
To calculate the velocity of the water in the river, we can use the formula:
Velocity = Discharge / (Width x Depth)
Substituting the given values, we get:
Velocity = 1,370,000 cfs / (3,000 ft x 46.46 ft) = 0.992 ft/s
Therefore, the velocity of the water in the Mississippi River at Vicksburg is approximately 0.992 feet per second.
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Which do you think would cause the most destruction to the organisms in a food web: taking away the carnivores, taking away the herbivores, taking away the producers or taking away the decomposers? Use evidence from your Food Web diagram above to support your claim.
Answer:
Explanation:
I do not have access to your diagram but based on what I know, a food web cannot sustain itself without decomposers. They are the main guys who break down dead animals, plants into organic or inorganic nutrients which are needed by the primary producers to grow. So if decomposers are not there then producers cannot produce and thus herbivores cannot live and carnovers die out as well. Hope this makes sense.
Check out: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/decomposers/
A food web cannot sustain itself without decomposers. They are the main components who break down dead animals, plants into organic or inorganic nutrients which are needed by the primary producers to grow.
What are decomposers?Decomposers are living organisms like fungi and bacteria. These decomposers are heterotrophic which means they must take the nutrients and it cannot make its own food. Decomposers play an eminent role in an ecosystem because of their process of nutrition.
They break down the dead plants and the animals. These break down the waste of the organisms. They are very eminent for all the ecosystem. If these were not in the ecosystem, the plants cannot get essential nutrients, dead matter and waste would deposit. So the nutrients in them gets recycled back so that they can be used again.
When fish dies, there is nothing which is ingested and the bladder air starts to release, which causes the fish to sink to the bottom. After few days, the internal organs of the dead fish gets decomposed, after which a gas is formed.
Therefore, A food web cannot sustain itself without decomposers.
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Polarization: Unpolarized light passes through three ideal polarizing filters. The first filter is oriented with a horizontal transmission axis, the second one has its transmission axis at 30° from the horizontal, and the third filter has a vertical transmission axis. What percent of the light gets through this combination?
Answer:
the percentage of light that gets through this combination is 9.38
Explanation:
Given the data in the question;
Let us represent the incident unpolarized light with \(I_0\).
So, the amount of light intensity passing through the first polarizer will be;
\(I_1\) = \(I_0\) / 2 ------ let this be equation 1
An the amount of light intensity passing through the second polarizer will be;
\(I_2\) = \(I_1\)cos²θ
given that; the second one has its transmission axis at 30°
so, we substitute;
\(I_2\) = \(I_1\) × cos²( 30° )
\(I_2\) = \(I_1\) × 0.75
\(I_2\) = 0.75\(I_1\)
from equation; \(I_1\) = \(I_0\) / 2
\(I_2\) = 0.75( \(I_0\) / 2 )
\(I_2\) = 0.375\(I_0\) .
Now, the amount of light intensity passing through the third polarizer will be;
\(I_3\) = \(I_2\)cos² ( 90° - 30° )
\(I_3\) = \(I_2\) × cos²( 60° )
\(I_3\) = \(I_2\) × 0.25
we substitute
\(I_3\) = 0.375\(I_0\) × 0.25
\(I_3\) = 0.09375\(I_0\)
∴ \(I_3\)/\(I_0\) × 100 = 0.09375 × 100
⇒ 9.38%
Therefore, the percentage of light that gets through this combination is 9.38
Environmental engineers monitor the progress of improvement programs by inspecting industrial and municipal facilities for regulation compliance.
True or False?
true
the answer to this question is true
hi guys can u help me?
Answer:
3. have known
4. wrote
5. not sure
6.have changed, has only
7. answered
8. have missed
9.has never seen
10.never saw
11.became,have changed
12. have changed, have grown
13.was,found
14. was never
am not sure but hope it helps
According to the article, what is one reason why commercial carmakers aim to develop driverless technology?
Incomplete question. However, I inferred you referring to the online article "How automakers can survive the self-driving era."
Explanation:
According to the article, as a result of the perceived demand for autonomous cars in the next few years, this has led to a heightened desire among commercial carmakers to develop driverless technology.
For example, carmakers such as Audi, Toyota have stated projections about the commercial availability of driverless cars.
gasoline has a comparatively high btu per galloon rating around?
Answer:
116,090 Btus
Explanation:
A cylindrical bar of metal having a diameter of 20.2 mm and a length of 209 mm is deformed elastically in tension with a force of 50500 N. Given that the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of the metal are 65.5 GPa and 0.33, respectively, determine the following: (a) The amount by which this specimen will elongate in the direction of the applied stress. (b) The change in diameter of the specimen. Indicate an increase in diameter with a positive number and a decrease with a negative number.
Answer:
A) ΔL = 0.503 mm
B) Δd = -0.016 mm
Explanation:
A) From Hooke's law; σ = Eε
Where,
σ is stress
ε is strain
E is elastic modulus
Now, σ is simply Force/Area
So, with the initial area; σ = F/A_o
A_o = (π(d_o)²)/4
σ = 4F/(π(d_o)²)
Strain is simply; change in length/original length
So for initial length, ε = ΔL/L_o
So, combining the formulas for stress and strain into Hooke's law, we now have;
4F/(π(d_o)²) = E(ΔL/L_o)
Making ΔL the subject, we now have;
ΔL = (4F•L_o)/(E•π(d_o)²)
We are given;
F = 50500 N
L_o = 209mm = 0.209m
E = 65.5 GPa = 65.5 × 10^(9) N/m²
d_o = 20.2 mm = 0.0202 m
Plugging in these values, we have;
ΔL = (4 × 50500 × 0.209)/(65.5 × 10^(9) × π × (0.0202)²)
ΔL = 0.503 × 10^(-3) m = 0.503 mm
B) The formula for Poisson's ratio is;
v = -(ε_x/ε_z)
Where; ε_x is transverse strain and ε_z is longitudinal strain.
So,
ε_x = Δd/d_o
ε_z = ΔL/L_o
Thus;
v = - [(Δd/d_o)/(ΔL/L_o)]
v = - [(Δd•L_o)/(ΔL•d_o)]
Making Δd the subject, we have;
Δd = -[(v•ΔL•d_o)/L_o]
We are given v = 0.33; d_o = 20.2mm
So,
Δd = -[(0.33 × 0.503 × 20.2)/209]
Δd = -0.016 mm
Application: Electromagnetic Radiation Safety. The allowable time-averaged microwave power density exposure in industry in the United States is 10 mW/cm². As a means of understanding the thermal effects of this radiation level (nonthermal effects are not as well defined and are still being debated), it is useful to compare this radiation level with thermal radiation from the Sun. The Sun's radiation on Earth is about 1,400 W/m² (time averaged). To compare the fields associated with the two types of radiation, view these two power densities as the result of a Poynting vector. Calculate: (a) The electric and magnetic field intensity due to the Sun's radiation on Earth. (b) The maximum electric and magnetic field intensities allowed by the standard. Compare with that due to the Sun's radiation.
The electric and magnetic field intensity due to the Sun's radiation on Earth are as follows;a. Electric field intensityThe electric field intensity of the Sun's radiation on Earth is given as follows:E = sqrt(2 * 1,400 W/m² * 377 Ω)E = sqrt(1,052,400)E = 1,025.5 V/m
The electric field intensity due to the Sun's radiation on Earth is 1,025.5 V/m.b. Magnetic field intensityThe magnetic field intensity of the Sun's radiation on Earth is given as follows:B = E/cB = 1,025.5/3 * 10⁸B = 3.4 * 10⁻⁶ TThe magnetic field intensity due to the Sun's radiation on Earth is 3.4 * 10⁻⁶ T.The maximum electric and magnetic field intensities allowed by the standard are given as follows;a. Maximum electric field intensityThe maximum electric field intensity allowed by the standard is given as follows:E = sqrt(2 * 10 mW/cm² * 10⁴ cm²/W * 377 Ω)E = sqrt(7.54)E = 2.7 V/m
The maximum electric field intensity allowed by the standard is 2.7 V/m.b. Maximum magnetic field intensityThe maximum magnetic field intensity allowed by the standard is given as follows:B = E/cB = 2.7/3 * 10⁸B = 9 * 10⁻⁹ TThe maximum magnetic field intensity allowed by the standard is 9 * 10⁻⁹ T.Compare with that due to the Sun's radiation.The electric and magnetic field intensities due to the Sun's radiation on Earth are both higher than the maximum electric and magnetic field intensities allowed by the standard. Therefore, the Sun's radiation on Earth is not safe and exceeds the limit set by the standard.Electric field intensity of the Sun's radiation on Earth = 1,025.5 V/mMagnetic field intensity of the Sun's radiation on Earth = 3.4 * 10⁻⁶ TMaximum electric field intensity allowed by the standard = 2.7 V/mMaximum magnetic field intensity allowed by the standard = 9 * 10⁻⁹ TThe Sun's radiation on Earth exceeds the limit set by the standard.
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3. Give an example of a visual or graphic representation of information that has
more impact than an explanation of the information in text.
An example of a visual or graphic representation of information that has more impact than an explanation of the information in text is a pie chart (graph).
What is a graph?A graph can be defined as a type of chart that's commonly used to graphically represent data on both the horizontal and vertical lines of a cartesian coordinate, which are the x-axis and y-axis.
The types of graph.In Science, there are different types of graph and these include the following:
Scatter plotBar graphPie chartDot graphLine graphHistogramWhat is a pie chart?A pie chart can be defined as a type of graph that is typically used for the graphical representation of the relationship between each part (unit) to a whole, especially by dividing a circle into various sectors.
In this context, we can reasonably infer and logically deduce that an example of a visual or graphic representation of information that has more impact than an explanation of the information in text is a pie chart (graph).
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What is indicator and recorder? Why are indicators used?(16
Marks) Sub: Control System
Indicators and recorders are two primary components of the control system. They are responsible for displaying and recording process data to keep the operators informed about the condition of the process.
IndicatorsIndicators are devices that display the values of process variables like temperature, pressure, flow, etc. They may be analogue or digital. Analogue indicators have a pointer that moves across a scale to display the process variable’s value. Digital indicators display the value of process variables in numerical digits.Indicators are used to provide real-time information to the operators about the process conditions. They help the operators to monitor the process variables and take corrective actions if necessary.
They are used to document the process variables’ values and their changes over time. Recorders can be either analog or digital. Analog recorders use a pen or stylus to record the process variables’ values on a chart paper. Digital recorders store the process variables’ values in memory and display them on a screen. They may also provide the facility to download the recorded data to a computer.Recorders are used to maintain a record of the process conditions over a long period.
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