TRUE. Yeast can respire through anaerobic respiration which produces less ATP per glucose molecule because only glycolysis is used. This process is known as alcoholic fermentation and is used by yeast to produce energy in the absence of oxygen.
Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and it occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. It involves the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH in the process. In anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is then converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide in a process that regenerates NAD+ for use in glycolysis. This process only generates a net of two ATP molecules per glucose molecule, which is much less than the potential energy that can be generated through aerobic respiration. In contrast, aerobic respiration uses both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to fully oxidize glucose to carbon dioxide, water, and a large amount of ATP. Therefore, it is true that yeast respires through anaerobic respiration, which produces less ATP per glucose molecule because only glycolysis is used.
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the oxygen binding by hemocyanins is mediated by a) an iron ion b) a pair of iron ions c) a heme group d) a copper atom e) a pair of copper atoms
The oxygen binding by hemocyanins is mediated by d) a copper atom.
Hemocyanins are copper-containing proteins found in the blood of some invertebrates, such as mollusks and arthropods. The copper atoms in hemocyanins bind with oxygen molecules, allowing the transport of oxygen throughout the organism's body.
Unlike hemoglobin in vertebrates, which uses iron ions to bind with oxygen, hemocyanins use copper atoms. The copper atoms in hemocyanins form a complex with oxygen molecules, which gives the protein a blue color. This process is essential for the survival of many invertebrates that rely on hemocyanins for oxygen transport.
The oxygen binding by hemocyanins is mediated by e) a pair of copper atoms. Hemocyanins are respiratory proteins that use copper ions, rather than iron ions, for oxygen transport. These copper atoms work together to bind oxygen, allowing hemocyanins to carry out their oxygen transport function in invertebrates such as mollusks and arthropods.
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A sample of milk is found to have arsenic at a concentration of 3.57 ug/L. What is the concentration in ounces per gallon? 1 qt 946.4 mL 1 gal 4 qt 16 oz- 1 lb 1 lb- 0.4536 kg A) 2.68 x 103 oz/gal B) 4.77 x 10-7 oz/gal C) 2.46 ozlgal D) 3.84 x 104 oz/gal E) 3.32 x 108 oz/gal
The concentration of arsenic in milk, which is 3.57 μg/L, can be converted to ounces per gallon. The correct answer is option D) 3.84 x 10^4 oz/gal.
To convert the concentration of arsenic from micrograms per liter (μg/L) to ounces per gallon (oz/gal), we need to follow a series of conversion steps. First, we need to convert micrograms (μg) to grams (g). There are 1,000 micrograms in a milligram (mg) and 1,000 milligrams in a gram, so 3.57 μg is equivalent to 0.00357 mg. Next, we need to convert milliliters (mL) to gallons (gal). Since 1 liter (L) is equal to 1,000 milliliters (mL) and 1 gallon is approximately 3,785.41 milliliters, we can calculate that 946.4 mL is approximately 0.25 gallons. Now, we can calculate the concentration in ounces per gallon. One pound (lb) is equal to 16 ounces (oz), and we know that 1 lb is approximately 0.4536 kg. Since 1 gallon is equal to 4 quarts (qt), and 1 quart is equal to 32 ounces, we can multiply all the conversion factors together:
0.00357 mg/L * 0.25 gal * 16 oz/lb * (1 lb/0.4536 kg) = 3.84 x 10^4 oz/gal
Therefore, the concentration of arsenic in ounces per gallon is approximately 3.84 x 10^4 oz/gal, which corresponds to option D).
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A pure yellow crystalline substane, when heated in a vacuum, releases a greenish gas and a red powder. Is the original yellow crystalline substance a compound or element?
Answer:The yellow crystalline substance is a compound. The green gas and red powder are elements.
Explanation
Elements and compounds are considered pure substances. Elements are made up of a single type of atom while compounds are composed of two or more elements. One example of a compound is the table salt (NaCl) which is made up of one atom of sodium and one atom of chlorine. The elements in the compound are combined chemically and there is a definite ratio of these elements. They are formed by a chemical reaction where chemical bonds are formed. Furthermore, the components of the compound can be separated through several means such as extraction, distillation, etc. The process of heating the yellow crystalline substance resulted in the separation of its components namely, the green gas and red powder.
what is relative abundance isotopes
The relative abundance of isotopes is the number of atoms of a particular isotope divide by the total number of atoms of all isotopes of that element, multiplied 100 percent.
What is relative abundance isotopes?The relative abundance of an isotope is the percentage of atoms with a specific atomic mass found in a naturally occurring sample of an element.
Also relative abundances refers to the relative proportions of the stable isotopes of each element. They are most often quoted as atom percentages
To calculate the percent abundance of each isotope in a sample of an element, the number of atoms of a particular isotope is usually divide by the total number of atoms of all isotopes of that element and then multiply the result by 100 since it is expressed in percentage.
Mathematically, the formula for relative abundance is given as;
R.A = ( number of atoms of isotope / total number of atoms ) x 100%
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What evidence did Dwight "Rocky" Crandell find that indicated the map he made near Lake Tapps in Washington was a massive lahar from Mt. Rainier and not an old glacier? (Select all that apply)
- actively flowing lava
- whole logs mixed in with the rocks
- clay sized particles
- an abundance of snow and ice
The evidence that indicated that the map made near Lake Tapps in Washington was a massive lahar from Mt. Rainier and not an old glacier: Whole logs mixed in with the rocks, Clay-sized particles and An abundance of snow and ice
The following evidence indicated that the map made near Lake Tapps in Washington was a massive lahar from Mt. Rainier and not an old glacier:
Whole logs mixed in with the rocks: The presence of whole logs mixed in with the rocks suggests a rapid and powerful flow, characteristic of a lahar, rather than the slow movement associated with glaciers.
Clay-sized particles: The presence of clay-sized particles is often associated with lahars, as they can be easily transported by the flowing volcanic material.
An abundance of snow and ice: The presence of snow and ice is indicative of a recent event, as glaciers tend to accumulate and retain snow and ice over time. In the case of a lahar, the presence of snow and ice suggests a more recent deposition.
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a ideal gas that initially has a volume of 1.00 ml and is at 1.00 atm expands isentropically to 10.0 ml and 0.0215 atm. (a) how many degrees of freedom do the gas particles have? (b) what does this tell you about the structure of the particles?
a. The isentropic expansion of the gas, the gas particles have 9 degrees of freedom
b. The structure of the particles show that it is a polyatomic gas.
What is isentropic expansion?Isentropic expansion of a gas is an expansion in which no heat is added to the gas.
What is degree of freedom?The degree of freedom of a molecule is the number of independent ways a molecule can store energy?
(a) How many degrees of freedom do the gas particles have?Since a ideal gas that initially has a volume of 1.00 ml and is at 1.00 atm expands isentropically to 10.0 ml and 0.0215 atm.
To find the number of degrees of freedom of the gas, we use the equation for isentropic expansion.
What is the equation of isentropic expansion?The equation for isentropic expansion is given by P₁V₁ˣ = P₂V₂ˣ where
P₁ = initial pressure of gas = 1.00 atmV₁ = initial volune of gas = 1.00 mlP₂ = final pressure of gas = 0.0215 atmV₂ = final volune of gas = 10.0 ml and X = ratio of molar heat capacities at constant pressure and volumeMaking x subject of the formula, we have
P₁/P₂ = (V₂/V₁)ˣ
x = ㏑(P₁/P₂)/(V₂/V₁)
Substituting the values of the variables into the equation, we have
x = ㏑(P₁/P₂)/(V₂/V₁)
x = ㏑(1.00 atm/0.0215 atm)/(10.0 ml/1.00 ml)
x = ㏑(1/0.0215)/10.0
x = -㏑0.0215/10.0
x = -(-3.84)/10
x = 0.384
Given that the ratio of molar heat capacities x = C'/C where
C' = molar heat capacity at constant pressure = C + R where C = molar heat capacity at constant volume and R = molar gas constant = 8.314 J/mol-KSo, C'/C = x
(C + R)/C = x
So, making C subject of the formula, we have
C = R/(1 - x)
Substituting the values of the variables into the equation, we have
C = R/(1 - x)
C = R/(1 - 0.384)
C = R/0.232
C = 4.31R
Since C = (f/2)R where f = degree of freedom.
So, comparing both equation, f/2 = 4.31
f = 4.31 × 2
f = 8.62
f ≅ 9
So, in the isentropic expansion the gas particles have 9 degrees of freedom
(b) What does this tell you about the structure of the particles?We know that
monoatomic gases have degree of freedom f = 3, diatomic gases have degree of freedom f = 5 and polyatomic gases have degree of freedom f ≥ 6Since the gas has degree of freedom f = 9, the structure of the particles show that it is a polyatomic gas.
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How many molecules of nh3 can be produced from the reaction of 74. 2 g of n2 and 14. 0 moles of h2?.
From the reaction of 74.2 g of N2 and 14.0 moles of H2, approximately 3.18 x 10^24 molecules of NH3 can be produced.
To determine how many molecules of NH3 can be produced from the reaction of 74.2 g of N2 and 14.0 moles of H2, we need to use the balanced chemical equation for the reaction:
N2 + 3H2 -> 2NH3
First, let's convert the mass of N2 to moles. The molar mass of N2 is 28.02 g/mol, so:
74.2 g N2 * (1 mol N2/28.02 g N2) = 2.64 mol N2
Next, we need to determine the limiting reactant. To do this, we compare the moles of N2 and H2 in a 1:3 ratio. Since there are 2.64 moles of N2 and 14.0 moles of H2, we divide the moles of each reactant by their respective coefficients in the balanced equation:
2.64 mol N2 / 1 = 2.64
14.0 mol H2 / 3 = 4.67
The mole ratio tells us that for every 1 mole of N2, we need 3 moles of H2. Since we have more moles of H2 (4.67) than moles of N2 (2.64), H2 is in excess, and N2 is the limiting reactant.
Now we can calculate the moles of NH3 produced. According to the balanced equation, 1 mole of N2 produces 2 moles of NH3. So:
2.64 mol N2 * (2 mol NH3/1 mol N2) = 5.28 mol NH3
Finally, we can convert moles of NH3 to molecules. Avogadro's number tells us that 1 mole of any substance contains 6.022 x 10^23 molecules. Therefore:
5.28 mol NH3 * (6.022 x 10^23 molecules NH3/1 mol NH3) = 3.18 x 10^24 molecules NH3
Therefore, from the reaction of 74.2 g of N2 and 14.0 moles of H2, approximately 3.18 x 10^24 molecules of NH3 can be produced.
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consider a cell that is composed of tin metal in contact with a solution of tin (ii) sulfate, snso4, and zinc metal in a solution of zinc nitrate, zn(no3)2. answer the following questions, the reduction half reactions are provided. a) which is the reduction reaction? b) which is the oxidation reaction? c) write the overall reaction d) calculate the voltage for this cell. e) label the following on the diagram o zinc electrode o tin electrode o zinc solution o tin (ii) solution o anode o cathode o salt bridge (nano3) o voltage o draw an arrow to show the direction that the electrons travel o write the ions present in the salt bridge o use arrows to indicate the direction that the ions in the salt bridge will travel f) what will happen to the mass of each electrode as the reaction proceeds?
a) The reduction reaction is the reaction that occurs at the zinc electrode, which is Zn²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ → Zn(s).
b) The oxidation reaction is the reaction that occurs at the tin electrode, which is Sn(s) → Sn²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻.
c) The overall reaction is: Sn(s) + Zn²⁺(aq) → Sn²⁺(aq) + Zn(s).
d) The overall voltage for the cell is the difference between these two potentials is -0.62 V.
e) Zn electrode | Zn(NO₃)₂ || SnSO₄ | Sn electrode
f) As the reaction proceeds, the mass of the tin electrode will decrease as tin atoms are oxidized to form Sn²⁺ ions.
To calculate the voltage for this cell, we need to use the standard reduction potentials for the half reactions. The standard reduction potential for the reduction reaction is -0.76 V, and the standard reduction potential for the oxidation reaction is -0.14 V. The overall voltage for the cell is the difference between these two potentials: Ecell = Ered - Eox = (-0.76 V) - (-0.14 V) = -0.62 V.
In a galvanic cell, the reduction reaction occurs at the cathode, while the oxidation reaction occurs at the anode. In this case, the zinc electrode is the cathode, where Zn²⁺ ions are reduced to form zinc atoms. The tin electrode is the anode, where tin atoms are oxidized to form Sn²⁺ ions.
The overall reaction occurs spontaneously, as the standard reduction potential for the reduction reaction is more positive than the standard reduction potential for the oxidation reaction. This means that the electrons will flow from the anode to the cathode, generating an electrical current.
The salt bridge is used to maintain charge neutrality in the two half-cells, as the electrons flow from the anode to the cathode, and ions must move to balance the charges. Na⁺ ions move towards the anode, while NO³⁻ ions move towards the cathode. This allows for the flow of ions to maintain charge neutrality in both half-cells.
As the reaction proceeds, the mass of the tin electrode will decrease as tin atoms are oxidized to form Sn²⁺ ions. Conversely, the mass of the zinc electrode will increase as zinc ions are reduced to form zinc atoms. This is due to the conservation of mass, as the total mass of the system remains constant.
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The circled sushi has algae
wrapped around it to hold it
together. What kind of algae is
this?
A. Yellow
B. Blue
C. Green
D. Orange
Answer:
Green
Explanation:
If you were to complete a mass balance on a coffee roaster, which of these would NOT be a material stream exiting out of the roaster? a. Spent coffee grounds b. Chaff c. Roasted coffee beans d. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other VOCs
Out of the options listed, "Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs)" would not be considered a material stream exiting the roaster.
A material stream is a flow of a physical substance, such as a solid, liquid, or gas, that enters and exits a system or process. In the context of a chemical or process plant, a material stream is a stream of raw materials, intermediate products, or final products that are being produced, transported, or processed.
To perform a mass balance on a coffee roaster, you would consider all the material streams that enter and exit the system. These are gaseous emissions resulting from the roasting process and are not a physical material. The other options, "Spent coffee grounds," "Chaff," and "Roasted coffee beans" are physical materials that can be weighed and measured, and would be considered as material streams exiting the roaster.
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An experiment was conducted in order to determine the enthalpy change that occurs when 1.0 mole of ice at 0 degrees Celsius melts and becomes 1.0 mole of water at 0 degrees Celsius. The enthalpy change associated with this process is referred to as the heat of fusion of ice. In the experiment a 9.68g sample of ice at 0 degrees Celsius was added to the coffee cup calorimeter containing 278.25 mL of distilled water. The temperature of the water was 22.485 degrees Celsius before The ice was added. The lowest temperature that was recorded after the ice had melted was 19.050 degrees Celsius.
A) find the amount of heat lost or gained by the water in the calorimeter.
B) in this experiment the ice melted and then the temperature of the water produced by the ice increased from 0 degrees Celsius to 19.050 degrees Celsius. Calculate the amount of heat absorbed by the melted ice as it’s temperature increased from 0.000 degrees Celsius to 19.050 degrees Celsius
C) calculate the heat that was gained by the ice during melting process
D) calculate the heat of the fusion of ice
E) is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?
F) energy was transferred from one system to another during this experiment. Identify the two interacting systems and outline the direction of energy flow.
G) was energy conserved in the process? Justify your answer.
Answer: 1
Explanation:
Experiment on enthalpy change.
The enthalpy is a hydrodynamic system that is made to collect the internal energy. The product is of pressure and volume. The experiment was conducted to see the enthalpic change that occurred at a 1.0 mole of ice at 0 degrees.
The answer is 9.68 grams.
The enthalpy change linked with the process is called as a fusion of heat of the ice. The temperature of the water was 278.25 ml hat of distilled water and the calorimeter consisted of 278.35 ml of water.The enthalpy change linked with this process is referred to as the heated fusion of ice. In the experiment a 9.68g sample.Learn more about the experiment was conducted.
brainly.com/question/17376718.
In terms of forces, what make the arrow start moving?
Answer:
the answer is A force is a push or pull that changes the motion of an object. Forces can make objects start or stop moving, cause objects that are already moving to speed up or slow down, or make objects change direction. Force arrows are used to represent both the magnitude and direction of forces.
Explanation:
hope it helps
How many moles of h2so4 are present in 1. 63 liters of a 0. 954 m solution?.
There are approximately 1.554 moles of H2SO4 present in 1.63 liters of a 0.954 M solution.
To determine the number of moles of H2SO4 present in the solution, we can use the formula:
moles = concentration x volume
First, we need to convert the volume from liters to cubic meters:
1.63 L = 0.00163 m3
Next, we can plug in the values we know:
moles = 0.954 mol/L x 0.00163 m3
moles = 0.00155142 mol
Therefore, there are approximately 0.00155 moles of H2SO4 present in 1.63 liters of a 0.954 M solution.
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while brainstorming, karl came up with a list of possible topics consisting of coconuts, cathedrals, clouds, concerts, chemistry, and clay. which technique did he most likely use?
while brainstorming among possible topics consisting of coconuts, cathedrals, clouds, concerts, chemistry, and clay karl used cathedrals most.
Karl most likely generated this list of themes using free association or free-form brainstorming. Using this method, one creates a list of concepts or subjects without any prior structure or order. Without giving any thought to the viability or quality of individual ideas, the objective is to come up with as many as you can in a short period of time. Karl's list has a wide variety of themes, which is a typical result of free association brainstorming.
In order to come up with a lot of ideas quickly, brainstorming is a creative problem-solving strategy. In most cases, a team of individuals collaborates to produce as many ideas as they can, frequently in response to a particular prompt. a difficulty or query. Regardless of the quality or viability of the ideas produced, the purpose of brainstorming is to promote creativity. Free association, thought mapping, and nominal group approach are a few typical brainstorming strategies. A range of settings, including business, education, and the arts, might benefit from brainstorming. A technique for generating ideas and exchanging knowledge to address a specific business or technical problem, brainstorming encourages participants to think freely.
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Need help filling Phase Change Diagram
The heat changes are as follows:
molar heat of fusion (6.01 kJ/mol for water) - ice to watermolar heat of solidification (6.01 kJ/mol for water) - water to icemolar heat of vaporization (40.7 kJ/mol for water) - water to water vapormolar heat of condensation (40.7 kJ/mol for water) - water vapor to waterWhat is phase change?A phase change is a process whereby matter changes from one physical state to another when heat is added or removed.
The processes of change of state are as follows:
Fusion - change from solid to liquid; heat change involved is called heat of fusionSolidification - change from liquid to solid; heat change involved is called heat of solidificationvaporization - change from liquid to gas; heat change involved is called heat of vaporizationCondensation - change from gas to liquid; heat change involved is called heat of condensationLearn more about phase change at: https://brainly.com/question/13067020
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palmitic acid only contains two oxygens per sixteen carbons, whereas glucose has six oxygen atoms per six carbons. explain the significance of this when each molecule is fully oxidized
The significane is that it generates more ATP per carbon (128/16) than glucose (38/6).
What is Palmitic acid?
Palmitic acid increases LDL cholesterol levels more than other saturated fats, such as stearic acid. According to them, there is compelling evidence that high consumption of palmitic acid increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Palmitic acid has only two oxygen atoms for every sixteen carbons, whereas glucose has six oxygen atoms for every six carbons. As a result, when fully oxidized, palmitic acid generates more ATP per carbon (128/16) than glucose (38/6). As a result, we use fat as our primary energy storage material.
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In what ratio would carbon bond with fluorine to form a stable compound? (Consider how many additional electrons each element needs, and how many of those elements would need to be present in a compound to satisify those needs.)
A.2:1
B.2:4
C.41
D.1:4
The ratio of carbon bond with fluorine to form a stable compound is 1:4.
What is Carbon–fluorine bond?All organofluorine compounds have the polar covalent bond between fluorine and carbon known as the carbon-fluorine bond. Due to its partly ionic nature, it is one of the chemical world's strongest single bonds and is also relatively short.
It is a covalent bond between a carbon atom and a fluorine atom in a molecule. It is one of the strongest single bonds found in organic chemistry due to the high electronegativity of fluorine, which attracts electrons away from the carbon atom and makes the bond very polar.
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A chemical engineer is developing a process for producing a new chemical. One step in the process involves allowing a solution of potassium hydroxide to react with a solid. Which action would most likely increase the reaction rate for this step? using larger pieces of the solid using a more concentrated potassium hydroxide solution adding water to the system
Answer:
using a more concentrated potassium hydroxide
Explanation:
The option that would likely increase the rate of reaction would be to use a more concentrated potassium hydroxide.
The concentration of reactants is one of the factors that affect the rate of reaction. The more the concentration of the reactants, the faster the rate of reaction.
Granted that there are enough of the other reactants, increasing the concentration of one of the reactants will lead to an increased rate of reaction.
Hence, using a more concentrated potassium hydroxide which happens to be one of the reactants would likely increase the rate of reaction.
Answer:
using a more concentrated potassium hydroxide
Explanation:
Equations and inequalities
LITERAL EQUATIONS
Given the formula shown here, make r the subject of the formula.
Α = 2πχh + 2πη
This equation has the following restrictions:
h = -1
INSTRUCTION: Type pi for
Answer:
Type here to search given the formula shown here make r the subject of the formula A=pi rh+2pi r
What the anode , cathode and the electrolyte of a cell tha t you might use to electrolyte a spoon made from iron with silver?
The silver coating on the spoon is produced. When electrolyzing a spoon made from iron with silver, the anode, cathode, and electrolyte that can be used are as follows:
Anode: The anode is a negatively charged electrode, usually made of metal or graphite, that releases electrons during electrolysis. It is made of pure silver.Cathode: The cathode is a positively charged electrode that receives electrons during electrolysis. It is made of iron.Electrolyte: The electrolyte is a solution that conducts electricity and contains ions that can be reduced or oxidized. The electrolyte used for this process is a solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3) in water.The silver ion (Ag+) moves from the anode to the cathode through the electrolyte. At the cathode, it accepts an electron, reducing it to metallic silver (Ag). Fe(s) is oxidized to Fe2+(aq) ion at the anode, while Ag+ ions are reduced to Ag(s) at the cathode. Therefore, the silver coating on the spoon is produced.For such more questions on silver coating
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C5H12(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H₂O(g)
Classify the reaction
The combustion reaction is the process by which a chemical substance or hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water while also releasing energy in the form of light and heat.
What is combustion reaction?When a chemical substance interacts with oxygen to create carbon dioxide and water, a combustion process occurs and energy is released. O2 must be one of the reactants in it.An illustration of a combustion reaction is the burning of wood or coal indoors during the winter.Another illustration of a combustion reaction is the generation of energy in thermal power plants and the burning of gasoline and diesel in automobiles.An illustration of a general combustion reaction is as follows:O2 + CnH2n = nCO2 + nH2OFor more information on combustion reaction kindly visit to
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the third law of thermodynamics describes the entropy of a: select the correct answer below: solid liquid gas all of the above
The third law of thermodynamics describes the entropy of a: solid.
The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a pure crystalline substance approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero (0 Kelvin or -273.15 degrees Celsius). This law implies that at absolute zero, a perfectly ordered and pure crystalline solid will have zero entropy.
The third law of thermodynamics is not specific to liquids or gases but applies to solids. In a solid, the molecules are highly ordered and have fixed positions in a regular lattice structure. As the temperature decreases towards absolute zero, the thermal motion of the molecules reduces, and the system becomes more ordered, resulting in a decrease in entropy.
In contrast, liquids and gases have higher entropy compared to solids at absolute zero because their molecules have more freedom of movement and are not as tightly arranged. Therefore, the third law of thermodynamics specifically addresses the entropy of solids and does not apply to liquids or gases.
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IDENTIFY THE NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES IN EACH OF THESE MEASUREMENTS OF AN OBJECT: 76.47 AND 76.59
Answer:
they both have 4 sig figs:)
Explanation:
You want to control the temperature of an enzyme-controlled reaction that is taking place inside a flask. What is the most effective way to keep the reaction at a controlled and steady temperature?
Use of thermostat is the most effective way to keep the reaction at a control temperature.
What is the most effective way to keep the reaction in control?The reaction takes place in a thermostat is the most effective way to keep the reaction at a controlled and steady temperature because thermostat regulates the temperature of that solution which is placed in it. If the temperature goes higher then the extra heat is released from the system.
So we can conclude that use of thermostat is the most effective way to keep the reaction at a control temperature.
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the reaction between r and p appeared to stop when no further changes were observed. do chemical reactions actually stop when this happens? explain
The statement "the reaction between R and P appeared to stop when no further changes were observed" suggests that the observable changes in the reaction have ceased. However, chemical reactions may not actually "stop" completely even when no further changes are visibly observed.
Chemical reactions occur at the molecular level, where individual molecules collide and undergo chemical transformations. Even if the macroscopic changes or observable properties appear to have reached a steady state, the molecular-level reactions can continue at an equilibrium. In other words, while the overall concentrations or properties of the reactants and products may remain constant, the individual molecules are still undergoing constant microscopic fluctuations and interconversions.
In such cases, the reaction is considered to be in a dynamic equilibrium, where the forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates, resulting in no net change in the macroscopic observable properties. This state of equilibrium does not imply that the reaction has completely stopped but rather that the rates of the forward and reverse reactions have balanced out.
Therefore, even when no further changes are observed at the macroscopic level, chemical reactions can continue at the molecular level in a dynamic equilibrium state.
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500 μL of 1-naphthaldehyde was added to a 10 mL round bottom flask along with 3.0 mL of methanol. This mixture was stirred until the aldehyde was dissolved in the methanol. This flask was placed in an ice bath and 100 mg of NaBH4 was added in 2-3 portions (weighed out in a small tube) over a few minutes. Stop the addition if excessive bubbling is observed. The flask is removed from the ice bath and is allowed to come to room temperature and stirred for 10 minutes. The borate ester is hydrolyzed by treating with 2.5 mL of 3 M NaOH. The resultant solution may be cloudy. Add 1-2 mL of water until you see a defined upper organic layer. Remove as much of the top layer as possible and place in a small clean dry test tube. Extract the remaining solution twice with dichloromethane (2x ImL) removing the lower organic layer each time and combining it with the top layer originally removed. Dry the dichloromethane extracts by filtering the solution through a pipette containing anhydrous magnesium sulfate and sand. Filter this mixture into a clean dry beaker and evaporate the dichloromethane solution in the hood using a hot plate set to very low heat and agitating the mixture frequently. Obtain the IR spectrum of the starting 1-naphaldhyde and the product (1-naphthylmethanol) and assign the 4 bands in each spectrum. Also obtain IR data (or use spectra provided by the instructor) for 2 other compounds from the list provided by the instructor.
What do you expect the most prominent features to be in the IR spectra of the reactant and product?
In the IR spectra of the reactant (1-naphthaldehyde) and the product (1-naphthylmethanol), we can expect to observe several prominent features related to specific functional groups present in the molecules.
Here are the expected most prominent features for each spectrum:
IR Spectrum of 1-naphthaldehyde (reactant):
Carbonyl Stretch (C=O): A strong and sharp absorption peak is expected around 1700-1750 cm^-1, indicating the presence of the aldehyde functional group.
Aromatic C-H Stretch: In the range of 3000-3100 cm^-1, there will be a series of sharp peaks representing the aromatic C-H stretching vibrations.
Aromatic C=C Stretch: A series of medium to strong peaks will be observed around 1450-1600 cm^-1, indicating the presence of the aromatic ring.
Aldehyde C-H Stretch: A weak to medium peak can be observed around 2700-2800 cm^-1, representing the C-H stretching vibrations of the aldehyde group.
IR Spectrum of 1-naphthylmethanol (product):
Hydroxyl Group (O-H Stretch): A broad and strong absorption peak will be observed in the range of 3200-3600 cm^-1, representing the O-H stretching vibrations of the alcohol group.
Aromatic C-H Stretch: Similar to the reactant spectrum, a series of sharp peaks will be observed around 3000-3100 cm^-1, representing the aromatic C-H stretching vibrations.
Aromatic C=C Stretch: The presence of the aromatic ring will be indicated by a series of medium to strong peaks around 1450-1600 cm^-1, similar to the reactant spectrum.
Aliphatic O-H Stretch: A weak to medium peak can be observed around 2800-3000 cm^-1, representing the O-H stretching vibrations of the alcohol group.
Additionally, to assign the specific bands in the IR spectra, you will need the actual IR data or spectra provided by your instructor for comparison.
The interpretation of IR spectra involves analyzing the position, intensity, and shape of the peaks to identify functional groups and confirm the formation of the desired product.
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the lattice parameter of crystalline silicon is known with very high precision to have a value of 0.543102064 nm. assuming that energies of formation of a single vacancy and a single self- interstitial (dev and dei) are 2.3 and 1.1 ev
The energy of formation for a single vacancy is approximately 0.424 eV/Angstrom.
The lattice parameter of crystalline silicon is known to have a value of 0.543102064 nm.
To calculate the energy of formation for a single vacancy (dev) and a single self-interstitial (dei), we need to use the given energies of formation.
The energy of formation for a single vacancy is given as 2.3 eV, while the energy of formation for a single self-interstitial is given as 1.1 eV.
To calculate the energy of formation for a single vacancy,
we can use the equation:
dev = vacancy energy / lattice parameter
Substituting the values:
dev = 2.3 eV / 0.543102064 nm
To convert the lattice parameter from nm to Angstroms, we multiply by 10:
dev = 2.3 eV / (0.543102064 nm * 10)
Simplifying, we get:
dev = 2.3 eV / 5.43102064 Angstroms
dev = 0.423646623 eV/Angstrom
Therefore, the energy of formation for a single vacancy is approximately 0.424 eV/Angstrom.
It's worth noting that the given energy of formation for a single vacancy can be used to understand the stability and behavior of vacancies in crystalline silicon. The lower the energy of formation, the more likely vacancies are to form.
In this case, the energy of formation for a single vacancy is 0.424 eV/Angstrom, which indicates that vacancies in crystalline silicon are energetically favorable.
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A compound compoed of only carbon and hydrogen i 7. 743% hydrogen by ma. Propoe a Lewi tructure for the compound
Due to the hydrogen atom's single valence electron, it is represented as H.
What does hydrogen's Lewis structure look like?Due to the hydrogen atom's single valence electron, it is represented as H. Lewis electron-dot structures can be used to represent the structures of molecules that are joined by covalent bonds.
A hydrogen ion is the nucleus of a hydrogen atom that has lost contact with its electron in orbit. A proton, or a particle with a single positive electric charge, is the building block of hydrogen. So a single hydrogen ion, denoted by the symbol H+, is typically used to represent a proton.
It's marked H+. The name of the hydrogen cation varies depending on the isotope: The term "hydron" refers to any hydrogen isotope's positive ion (H+). 1H+ for proton (i.e. the cation of protium)
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How many grams of magnesium
sulfate (MgSO4) are dissolved in
0.965 L of a 0.0575 M solution?
Molar Mass Mg: 24.30 g/mol
Molar Mass S: 32.06 g/mol
Molar Mass O: 16.00 g/mol
Explanation:
Concentration question....
0.965L x (0.0575 mol MgSO4 / 1L) x (120.4g MgSO4 / 1 mol MgSO4) = 6.68g MgSO4
The concept molarity is used here to determine the grams of magnesium sulfate dissolved in 0.965 L of a 0.0575 M solution. The mass of magnesium sulfate in grams is 6.68 g.
What is molarity?The molarity of a solution is defined as the number of moles of the solute present per litre of the solution. It is generally represented by the unit mol/L. The equation used to calculate the molarity is:
Molarity = Number of moles of the solute / Volume of the solution in litres
The molar mass of MgSO₄ = 120.36 g/mol
We have 0.0575 M solution.
That is 0.0575 mol/L × 120.36 g/mol = 6.9207 g/L
Here we want mass in 0.965 L. So the mass is:
Mass = 0.965 L × 6.9207 g/L = 6.68 g
Thus the mass in grams of magnesium sulfate is 6.68 g.
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A 25. 00 cm° sample of 0. 020 mol. Dm-3 Sr(OH)2 is titrated with a hydrochloric acid,
HCI (aq) solution of unknown concentration. 20. 0 cm° of the HCI solution had been added for complete neutralization. 1. 0 M = 1. 0 mol•L-1 = 1. 0 moldm-3
2HC/(ag) + Sr(OH)2(ag) - SrC/2(ag)
+ 2H20(8)
What is the molar concentration (molarity) of the HCIaq) solution?
The molar concentration (molarity) of the HCI aq solution is 0.125 mol dm⁻³.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and strontium hydroxide is:
2HCl(aq) + Sr(OH)2(aq) → SrCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
From the equation, we can see that 2 moles of hydrochloric acid react with 1 mole of strontium hydroxide.
Given that the volume of the hydrochloric acid solution is 20.00 cm³ and the concentration of the strontium hydroxide solution is 0.020 mol dm⁻³, we can calculate the amount of strontium hydroxide present:
Amount of Sr(OH)2 = concentration × volume
⇒ = 0.020 mol dm⁻³ × 0.2500 dm³
⇒ = 0.00500 moles
Since 2 moles of hydrochloric acid react with 1 mole of strontium hydroxide, the amount of hydrochloric acid used in the reaction is:
Amount of HCl = 0.5 × Amount of Sr(OH)2
⇒ = 0.5 × 0.00500 moles
⇒ = 0.00250 moles
The molar concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution can now be calculated:
Molar concentration = Amount of HCl / Volume of HCl solution
⇒ = 0.00250 moles / 0.02000 dm³
⇒ = 0.125 mol dm⁻³ or 0.125 M
Therefore, the molar concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution is 0.125 mol dm⁻³.
In a titration, the amount of one reactant (in this case, the hydrochloric acid) is determined by reacting it with a known amount of the other reactant (the strontium hydroxide). The reaction is allowed to go to completion, which means that all of the hydrochloric acid has reacted with the strontium hydroxide.
From the balanced chemical equation, we can see that 2 moles of hydrochloric acid react with 1 mole of strontium hydroxide. Therefore, we can use the amount of strontium hydroxide that was present in the sample to calculate the amount of hydrochloric acid that was used in the reaction.
Once we know the amount of hydrochloric acid used in the reaction, we can use the volume of the hydrochloric acid solution to calculate its concentration (molarity) using the formula:
Molar concentration = Amount of substance / Volume of solution
Substituting the values that we have calculated gives us the molar concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution.
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