To ensure balanced experimental conditions on unconsidered characteristics, employ randomization, stratification, and blocking. Pretesting helps identify influential variables, while post hoc analysis assesses balance.
Randomization: Randomly assign participants or subjects to different experimental conditions. This helps distribute any unconsidered characteristics evenly across the groups, reducing the chance of systematic biases.
Stratification: If there are specific characteristics that are known to potentially affect the outcome of the experiment, you can stratify your sample based on those characteristics. This involves dividing the participants into subgroups based on the identified characteristic(s) and then randomly assigning them to different experimental conditions within each subgroup. This ensures that each subgroup is represented in each condition, reducing the impact of those specific characteristics.
Blocking: Use blocking to account for variables that may have a significant effect on the outcome but are not the primary focus of your study. Similar to stratification, blocking involves dividing the participants into homogeneous blocks based on the potentially influential variable(s) and then randomly assigning individuals within each block to different experimental conditions. This helps control the effects of the blocking variable on the outcome.
Pretesting: Conduct pretests or pilot studies to identify any unconsidered characteristics that may significantly affect the results. By doing so, you can adjust your experimental design or include additional variables to address those characteristics.
Post hoc analysis: After conducting the experiment, perform post hoc analyses to evaluate the balance of unconsidered characteristics across the different conditions. Statistical tests such as analysis of variance (ANOVA) or chi-square tests can help determine if there are any significant differences that need to be addressed.
Remember, achieving perfect balance on all unconsidered characteristics is often difficult or impossible. However, by implementing these strategies, you can minimize potential biases and increase the validity of your experimental results.
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Iodine is very slightly soluble in water, but its solubility is so low that it is very difficult to see any concentration gradients. Yet it is very esy to determine experimentally that it must be at least slight soluble in water. Why is it so easy?
It is easy to determine experimentally that iodine is at least slightly soluble in water because iodine crystals produce a visible brown color when placed in water.
Why is it so easy to determine experimentally that it must be at least slight soluble in water?It is effortless to determine experimentally that iodine is at least somewhat soluble in water because iodine crystals produce a perceptible brown color when placed in water due to the formation of a small amount of iodine solution, even though the concentration is very low.
Iodine is a nonpolar molecule, which means it does not have a charge and is not attracted to the polar water molecules. As a result, the solubility of iodine in water is very low. However, iodine is easily detected because it is a dark purple color. Even at very low concentrations, the purple color of iodine is visible to the eye. This makes it easy to determine experimentally that iodine is at least slightly soluble in water, even though the concentration gradient is very small. Additionally, the solubility of iodine can be increased by adding iodide ions to the water, which react with iodine to form an iodide ion complex that is more soluble in water.
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It is easy to determine experimentally that iodine is at least slightly soluble in water because iodine crystals produce a visible brown color when placed in water.
Why is it so easy to determine experimentally that it must be at least slight soluble in water?It is effortless to determine experimentally that iodine is at least somewhat soluble in water because iodine crystals produce a perceptible brown color when placed in water due to the formation of a small amount of iodine solution, even though the concentration is very low.
Iodine is a nonpolar molecule, which means it does not have a charge and is not attracted to the polar water molecules. As a result, the solubility of iodine in water is very low. However, iodine is easily detected because it is a dark purple color. Even at very low concentrations, the purple color of iodine is visible to the eye. This makes it easy to determine experimentally that iodine is at least slightly soluble in water, even though the concentration gradient is very small. Additionally, the solubility of iodine can be increased by adding iodide ions to the water, which react with iodine to form an iodide ion complex that is more soluble in water.
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the valence electrons are located in the ____________ orbitals of an atom.
The valence electrons are located in the outermost orbitals of an atom.
The valence electrons of an atom are located in its outermost orbitals, also known as valence shells. These orbitals, which vary in size and energy depending on the atom, hold the electrons that are most likely to be involved in chemical reactions. Valence electrons are responsible for most of the bonding interactions between atoms, making them the most important electrons in a chemical reaction. In general, the number of valence electrons corresponds to the number of bonds an atom can form. For example, carbon, which has four valence electrons, can form four covalent bonds. As such, the valence electrons of an atom have a major impact on its chemical properties.
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The height that mercury reaches in the tube of a manometer ................on the diameter of the tube.
Answer:
does not depend
Explanation:
Answer:
DO NOT DEPENDEDExplanation:
I hope it's help u
The table shows the amount of radioactive element remaining in a sample over a period of time. radioactive decay rate amount of radioactive sample (grams) time (years) 56.0 0 47.1 400 39.6 800 33.3 1,200 28 1,600 part 1: what is the half-life of the element? explain how you determined this. part 2: how long would it take 312 g of the sample to decay to 9.75 grams? show your work or explain your answer.
1. The half life of the element, given the data from the question is 1600 years
2. The time taken for 312 g of the sample to decay to 9.75 grams is 8000 years
1. How to determine the half life of the elementHalf-life is the time taken for half a material to decay.
To determine the half life of the given element, do the following:
Original amount = 56 gHalf the original amount = 56 / 2 = 28 gTime for 28 g = 1600 yearHalf life of element = 1600 yearsHow to determine the timeWe'll begin by determining the number of half-lives that has elapsed. This can be obtained as follow:
Original amount (N₀) = 312 gAmount remaining (N) = 9.75 gNumber of half-lives (n) =?2ⁿ = N₀ / N
2ⁿ = 312 / 9.75
2ⁿ = 32
2ⁿ = 2⁵
n = 5
Finally, we shall determine the time. This can be obtained as follow:
Half-life (t½) = 1600 yearsNumber of half-lives (n) = 5Time (t) =?t = n × t½
t = 5 × 1600
t = 8000 years
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Which molecule is solid at Room temperature?
Answer:
you stink at
Explanation:
A woman is found dead on a boat floating in the middle of a lake at 4:30am. There is blunt force trauma to her head but no other discernable damage. She is approximately 30 pounds overweight. She is wearing thermal clothing and a winter jacket, gloves, and hat. Climatological data indicate it was a clear, cold, and windy night with no precipitation. Calculate the time of death based only on a body temperature of 15.6°C (60.8°F)? Now consider the other factors presented. How would each affect this estimation?
Answer:
Dead bodies lose one degree Celsius per hour, which we could deduce that the person died 12 hours ago.
Explanation:
On the other hand, it is very important to take into account that this number of hours is very approximate, since not only does it vary greatly with the environment and the acclimatization of the environment in which the person dies, but also in this specific case, insulating clothing was presented , which made the loss of body heat much more difficult and could easily be more than 12 hours.
The minimum for this particular situation is 12 hours to 24 hours possible postmortem.
A(n) __________ pollutant is produced from chemical reactions involving one or more other pollutants.
A secondary pollutant is produced from chemical reactions involving one or more other pollutants.
Primary and secondary air pollutants are the two different types. While secondary pollutants are created in the atmosphere from precursor gases through chemical reactions and microphysical processes, primary pollutants are released directly into the atmosphere.
Secondary pollutants: When air pollutants combine chemically, they create an even more hazardous compound. A secondary pollutant that exemplifies this is photochemical haze.
Ozone is created in the atmosphere as a result of chemical reactions involving pollutants released from a variety of sources, including paint evaporation, combustion, consumer products, factories, and other industrial sources.
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bottled water sold within the same state in which it was retrieved is exempt from fda inspection. true flase
False. Bottled water sold within the same state in which it was retrieved is not exempt from FDA inspection.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates bottled water as a food product, and its standards and requirements apply regardless of the distribution within a single state. The FDA has established the Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) specifically for bottled water manufacturers to ensure the safety and quality of the product. These regulations cover various aspects of production, including source water protection, processing, labeling, and quality control.
The FDA conducts inspections and enforces compliance with these regulations to verify that bottled water companies meet the necessary standards. Inspections can be scheduled or unannounced, and they help ensure that the bottled water industry adheres to appropriate manufacturing practices and safeguards public health.
By subjecting bottled water to FDA inspections, regardless of the state of sale, the regulatory agency aims to maintain the safety and quality of the product and provide consumers with confidence in the bottled water they purchase.
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False
The statement that bottled water sold within the same state in which it was retrieved is exempt from FDA inspection is false.
What is FDA inspection?
The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) inspection ensures that the organization complies with the federal regulations, laws, and policies. They regulate food, drugs, medical equipment, cosmetics, and other products to ensure the safety of people.
The inspection includes reviewing documents, facilities, procedures, quality control, and testing to confirm that the company complies with all the guidelines and standards set by the government.
The inspection also involves physical inspections of products, food, and facilities. The primary aim of FDA inspection is to protect public health from harm.
Therefore, it is mandatory for all food and beverage products to comply with FDA standards. So, bottled water sold within the same state in which it was retrieved is not exempt from FDA inspection.
Hence, the given statement is false.
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the most common type of bacteria contamination in canned foods is
E.coli
salmonella
shigella
clostridium botulinum
Answer:
the answer is salmonella
A 4 feet tall student went summing pool. He saw depth of water in pool less than 4 feet.Will he drowned.Write reason
Answer:
Question says , the height of the student = 4 feet, ... This means, if the student goes for swimming in the pool, however he does not know swimming, he will not be drowned until he is suffering from an injury or external force.
if the specific gravity of the mixture is 0.781, what are the w/v concentrations of lactic acid, salicylic acid, and trichloroacetic acid in the mixture?
What are the relative w/v concentrations of lactic acid, citric acid, and boric acid if the mixture's specific gravity is 0.781? What are the % weight-to-volume conversions if the mixture's specific gravity is 0.781?
(Density of the solution / Water Density)
density of mixture = (specific gravity of mixed * density of waters) = (0.781 * 1) = 0.781 g/mL density = (mass/volume) specific gravity = 0.781
Lactic acid concentration in the mixture = (mass of latic acid / quantity of mixture) *100 = (4/128.04)100 = 3.12%. Volume of mixture = (mass / density) = (100 /0.781) =128.04 mL.
What level of fluoride ion should be present in drinking water?
Detailed Solution: 1 mg/l
1.50 mg per liter is the proper answer. The World Health Assembly advised that the maximum allowed level of fluoride present in drinking water for a number of nations, including Canada, China, India, Argentina, and the European Union, be 1.5 mg/l. A fluoride level of 1 mg/l is ideal for drinking water.
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The w/v levels of lactic acid, benzoyl peroxide, plus trichloroacetic acid as in combination are 1.56% if the mixture has a specific gravity of 0.781.
What level of fluoride ion should be present in drinking water?1 mg/l 1.50 mg per liter is the proper answer. The World Health Assembly advised that the maximum allowed level of fluoride present in drinking water for a number of nations, including Canada, China, India, Argentina, and the European Union, be 1.5 mg/l. A fluoride level of 1 mg/l is ideal for drinking water.
(Density of solution / Water Density) = Specific Gravity
density of mixture = (specific gravity of mixed * densities of water) = (0.781 * 1) = 0.781 g/mL density = (mass/volume) specific gravity = 0.781
Volume of the mixture = (Mass of Lactic Acid / Volume of the mixture) = (100 /0.781) =128.04 mL w/v Amount of Lactic in the mixture Salicylic acid concentration in the mixture is *100 = (4/128.04)100 = 3.12% w/v = (mass of Salicylic / volume of mixture). Trichloroacetic acid concentration in the combination: *100 =(5/128.04)100 = 3.9% w/v (i.e., (mass of Trichloroacetic acid / volume of mixture) *100 =(2/128.04)100 = 1.56%
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_________deep-sea currents that occur because of differences between the salinity and temperature characteristics of water masses
Lesson 2.12
Question 3 options:
Density
Thermohaline currents
Salinity
Polar ice caps
Answer:
its B) Thermohaline currents Sorry if its wrong but im sure this could be it
Explanation:These deep-ocean currents are driven by differences in the water's density, which is controlled by temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline). This process is known as thermohaline circulation. In the Earth's polar regions ocean water gets very cold, forming sea ice.
Thermohaline currents deep-sea currents that occur because of differences between the salinity and temperature characteristics of water masses
What is thermohaline currents?Thermohaline currents is also known as 'the ocean conveyor belt' or 'the global conveyor belt'. It is a part of the large scale ocean circulations.
As the name thermohaline suggested that, 'thermo' means heat and 'haline' refers to the salt content. So, when there is a great difference in the temperature and the salt content deep sea currents occur.
Hence option (2) is correct i.e. thermohaline currents occur due to temperature and salinity difference.
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The complication to the Schrodinger equation in multi-electron systems arises because:
protons in the nuclei attract each other.
electrons repel each other.
electrons attract each other.
electrons are repelled by the nucleus.
The complication to the Schrodinger equation in multi-electron systems arises because electrons repel each other.
What is the Schrodinger equation?The Schrodinger equation is an equation that can be used to obtain the position of an electron in an atom. The position of the electro is obtained as the wavefunction. This wave function would yield four sets of values that we call the atomic orbital.
Thus the complication to the Schrodinger equation in multi-electron systems arises because electrons repel each other. This repulsion of the electrons have prevented the application of the equation to multi electron systems.
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which is the correct order of reactivity (most reactive to least reactive) toward electrophilic aromatic substitution?
The correct order of reactivity towards electrophilic aromatic substitution is:
b.) Phenol > benzene > chlorobenzene > benzoic acid
Phenol is more reactive than benzene towards electrophilic substitution reactions due to the presence of the -OH group (hydroxyl group) attached to the benzene ring. The lone pair of electrons on the oxygen atom in the -OH group can donate electron density to the ring, making it more nucleophilic and facilitating electrophilic attack.
Benzene, although less reactive than phenol, can still undergo electrophilic substitution reactions due to its aromaticity and delocalized electron system.
Chlorobenzene is less reactive than both phenol and benzene because the chlorine atom is an electron-withdrawing group. It withdraws electron density from the benzene ring, making it less nucleophilic and less prone to electrophilic substitution.
Benzoic acid is the least reactive among the options given. The carboxylic acid group (-COOH) is an even stronger electron-withdrawing group than the chlorine atom in chlorobenzene. It further reduces the electron density on the benzene ring, decreasing its reactivity towards electrophilic substitution.
Therefore, the correct order of reactivity towards electrophilic substitution is option b.
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the complete question is:
The correct order of reactivity towards electrophilic aromatic substitution is?
a.) Benzene > phenol > benzoic acid > chlorobenzene
b.) Phenol > benzene > chlorobenzene > benzoic acid
c.) Chlorobenzene > benzoic acid > phenol > benzene
d.) Benzoic acid > chlorobenzene > benzene > phenol
classify the substances according to the strongest solute-solvent interaction that will occur between the given substances and water during dissolution.
Intermolecular interaction occurs between the given substances and water during dissolution according to the strongest solute-solvent interaction.
Intermolecular bonds in covalent substances are Hydrogen bond. Dipole-dipole attraction, Dipole-induced dipole attraction , London dispersion forces. Water has polar OH bond. The negative O atom attract the positive H atoms in nearby molecules. It leads to the Hydrogen bonds. It is also called Dipole-dipole Force. Dipole -dipole forces occur between the water and substance during dissolution according to the strongest solute-solvent interaction. Hydrogen bonds are the strongest force present in the water dissolution. London dispersion force is also present in the water dissolution.
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If the hydrogen ion concentration is 3.95 x 10^-6, what is the hydroxide ion concentration?
A) 2.97 x 10^-10
B) 5.40
C) 8.6
D) 3.0 x 10^-9
The concentration of hydroxide ions is roughly 2.53 x 10-9 M. The closest value is 3.0 x 10-9, but the right response is A) 2.97 x 10⁻¹⁰, which is the outcome in rounded significant figures.
What is the H+ and OH concentration?This indicates that the pH and pOH are both 7.00 and that the concentrations of [H+] and [OH-] are both 1.0 10-7 M at typical temperatures, more particularly, at room temperature.
The equation for the ion product of water can be used to get the hydroxide ion concentration given the hydrogen ion concentration:
Kw = [H+][OH-]
where Kw is the ion product constant of water, which is equal to 1.0 x 10⁻¹⁴ at 25°C.
Rearranging the equation, we get:
[OH-] = Kw/[H+]
When we replace the specified value of [H+], we obtain:
[OH-] = (1.0 x 10⁻¹⁴)/3.95 x 10⁻⁶
[OH-] = 2.53 x 10⁻⁹.
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At what approximate temperature will the reaction mixture containing methyl salicylate and 30 ml of 4m sodium hydroxide boil?
At 223.3°C the solution will boil.
What is methyl salicylate?The organic substance methyl salicylate has the chemical formula C₈H₈O₃. It is salicylic acid's methyl ester. It is a clear, viscous liquid that is commonly referred to as "minty" since it is a component of mint candies. It has a sweet, fruity aroma reminiscent of root beer.
What is sodium hydroxide?Lye and caustic soda are other names for sodium hydroxide, an inorganic substance having the formula NaOH. It is a white, solid ionic substance made up of the cations sodium (Na+) and the anions hydroxide (OH).
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I really need help on this it’s a major grade!!
Can some one please write an amazing long essay explaining how life was prior to the invention you selected, how life is different today, and whether the result is
positive or negative.
PLEASE HELP QUICK ITS DUE TODAY 2/26/2021 AT 11:59!
the molar heat capacity of silver is 25.35 j/mol⋅∘c . how much energy would it take to raise the temperature of 8.20 g of silver by 17.3 ∘c ? express your answer with the appropriate units.
33.34 J of energy it would take to raise the temperature.
Specific heat = J/g C
(25.35 J/mole C) x (1 mole / 107.8682g) = 0.2350 J/g C
Energy required = (mass in grams)x(Specific heat)x(Temp final - Temp initial)
= (8.20 g)(0.2350 J/g C)(17.3°C) = 33.34 J (units cancel for /g C)
Heat capacity or specific heat is the quantity of heat consistent with unit mass that is required to elevate the temperature with the aid of 1°C. particular warmness is helpful in figuring out the processing temperatures and quantity of warmth vital for processing and may be helpful in differentiating between polymeric composites.
The specific heat capacity (or in reality, the specific heat), that's the heat potential according to unit mass of a material. Experiments show that the transferred heat relies upon on three factors: (1) The change in temperature, (2) the mass of the system, and (3) the substance and phase of the substance.
The specific heat is the quantity of heat energy per unit mass required to elevate the temperature by way of one degree Celsius. The connection between warmth and temperature change is commonly expressed inside the form shown under where c is the unique warmness .
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Can someone please help me
Who was the first person to apply experiment methods to his atomic theory
Which pair of particles has the same number of electrons O A13+, p3- O Br. Se F. Mg2+ Ne, Ar
The pair of particles that has the same number of electrons is Ne (neon) and Ar (argon).
Neon (Ne) is a noble gas with an atomic number of 10, which means it has 10 electrons in its neutral state. Argon (Ar) is also a noble gas and it has an atomic number of 18, which corresponds to 18 electrons in its neutral state. Therefore, Ne and Ar have the same number of electrons, which is 10.
On the other hand, the other pairs have different numbers of electrons. A¹³⁺ (aluminum ion) has a charge of +3, indicating that it has lost 3 electrons. This means it has 13 protons but only 10 electrons. P³⁻ (phosphide ion) has a charge of -3, indicating that it has gained 3 electrons. This gives it 15 electrons. Br⁻ (bromide ion) has gained 1 electron, resulting in a total of 36 electrons due to its 35 protons.
Se (selenium) has an atomic number of 34, signifying that it has 34 electrons. F⁻ (fluoride ion) has gained 1 electron, giving it a total of 10 electrons. Lastly, Mg²⁺ (magnesium ion) has lost 2 electrons, so it has 10 electrons.
In summary, Ne and Ar have the same number of electrons (10), while the other pairs have different numbers of electrons. The number of electrons plays a crucial role in determining the chemical behavior and properties of an element or ion.
Therefore, the correct answer is option 4) Ne, Ar.
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Complete Question:
Which pair of particles has the same number of electrons?
1) A1³⁺, p³⁻
2) Br⁻ , Se
3) F⁻ , Mg²⁺
4) Ne, Ar
what is the molarity of a solution that contains 50.0 grams of sodium hydroxide, naoh, in 855 ml of solution?
reflection obtained from a smooth surface is called a
a- regular reflection
b- irregular reflection
C- both a & b
D- none
How are gas particles arranged in a container?
Select one:
a.Far apart
b.Loosely arranged
c.Neatly organized
d.Tightly packed
How many moles of cyanocobalamin molecules are present in 250 mg cyanocobalamin?.
Answer:
1.84x10^-4 moles of cyanocobalamin
Explanation:
The challenge here is to find the molar mass of cyanocobalamin. The molecule has the chemical formula of:
C63H88CoN14O14P
Molar mass is calculated by adding the atomic masses of each atom in the compound. (e.g., 63 carbons at 12 each, etc.). The molar mass is found to be 1355.4 g/mole.
1355.4 grams of cyanocobalamin will contain 1 mole, or 6.02x10^23 molecules of cyanocobalamin. But we only have 250 mg, or 0.250 grams of the compound. Use the molar mass as a conversion factor by dividing the mass by the molar mass:
(0.250 g)/(1355.4 g/mole) = 1.84x10^-4 moles
The grams cancel and the moles moves to the top, leaving only moles cyanocobalamin. While 1.84x10^-4 moles of cyanocobalamin doesn't sound like much, it represents:
(1.84x10^-4 moles)*(6.02x10^23 molecules/mole) = 1.11x10^20 molecules of cyanocobalamin
household bleach is an aqueous solution that contains 5.0% sodium hypochlorite (naocl, 74.44 g/mol) by mass. calculate the molarity of the solution that results when you dilute 10.0 ml of bleach by the addition of 100.0 ml water. assume that the density of bleach is 1.00 g/ml.
The molarity of the solution that results when making dilution from 10.0 ml of bleach by the addition of 100.0 ml water is 0.061 M.
This problem is about stoichiometry. First, we have to calculate the mass of the bleach.
The volume of bleach = V = 10.0 mLThe density = ρ = 1.00 g/mLThe mass of the bleachFrom the bleach, we can calculate the mass of sodium hypochlorite.
Mass of the bleach = m = 10.0 gThe percentage = 5.0%The mass of sodium hypochlorite = m₁\(percentage \:=\: \frac{m_1}{m} \times 100\%\)Then we can calculate the number of moles of sodium hypochlorite.
m₁ = 0.5 gramsMolar mass NaOCl = Mr = 74.44 g/molThe number of molesThe molarity for NaOCl
n = 0.0067 molVolume total for the solution
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a list of different ions is shown. which combination of ions will result in an ionic bond
The list of different ionic bonds is NaF, LiCl, NaO2, BeF2, and BeS.
Ionic bonding is a kind of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction among oppositely charged ions, or between atoms with sharply one-of-a-kind electronegativities, and is the number one interaction going on in ionic compounds.
A bond is ionic if the electronegativity distinction among the atoms is excellent enough that one atom ought to pull an electron absolutely far away from the alternative one. That scenario is commonplace in compounds that integrate elements from the left-hand edge of the periodic table
An ionic bond, additionally called an electrovalent bond, kind of linkage formed from the electrostatic enchantment between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. this type of bond bureaucracy when the valence electrons of one atom are transferred permanently to any other atom.
Disclaimer:- your question is incomplete, please see below for the complete question.
A list of different ions is below. Which combinations of ions will result in an ionic bond?
Na+ Li+ O2– Cl– Be2+ S2– F–
check all that apply below
SO
Naf
LiCl
Lina
BeS
BeF2
NaO2
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define solubility .Explain general principle of solubility
The word Solubility means the number of grams of the solute dissolved in 100g of solvent to prepare a saturated solution at a particular temperature.
Here, are few general principles of Solubility mentioned below :
⇒ Polar substances are soluble in polar solvents. Ionic solids and polar covalent compounds are soluble in water, e.g, KCL, \(Na_{2}CO_{3}\) , Sugar and alcohol are soluble in water.
⇒ Non Polar substances are soluble in water. Non Polar covalent compounds are not soluble in water such as ether, benzene and petrol are insoluble in water.
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Calculate the solubility of Maslog at 25€
4 30-0cm of its Saturated solution at that
temperature gave 180g of the anhydrous
C= 12. 0-46. Ma =23
Salt
Answer:
20
Explanation:
calculated saturated solutions
An object with a mass of 4.0 kg has a force of 12.0 newtons applied to it. What is the resultant acceleration of the object?
Help me?? :(
Answer:
3m/s²
Explanation:
Force applied to an object can be calculated thus;
F = ma
Where;
F = force applied (Newtons)
m = mass of substance (kg)
a = acceleration (m/s²)
According to the information provided in this question, F = 12.0 newtons, m = 4.0 kg, a = ?
Derived from F = m.a
We have; a = F/m
a = 12/4
a = 3
The resultant acceleration of the object is 3m/s².