what is the minimum number of microbes that must enter the body to cause infection? multiple choice question. lethal dose infectious dose equivalent dose effective dose
Answers
The minimum number of microbes that must enter the body to cause infection can vary depending on the specific microbe and the susceptibility of the individual. This is known as the infectious dose (ID). Therefore the correct option is option B.
The infectious dose is crucial since it influences how likely it is that a person may contract the disease. A pathogen with a low infectious dose, for instance, suggests that only a few microorganisms are required to generate an infection. On the other hand, a disease with a high infectious dosage requires a lot of microorganisms to infect a person.
"Infectious dose" is the appropriate response to the multiple-choice question. The words equivalent dose and effective dose are used in relation to radiation exposure, whereas the lethal dose refers to the quantity of a drug that is fatal to a specific proportion of the population.
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Related Questions
Which of these observations fails to support the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells?
A)The existence of structural and molecular differences between the plasma membranes of prokaryotes and
the internal membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts
B)The existence of size differences between the cytosolic ribosomes of eukaryotes and the ribosomes within
mitochondria and chloroplasts
C) the existence of size differences between some prokaryotic cells and mitochondria
D) the existence of rRNA sequence differences between the cytosolic ribosomes of eukaryotes and the
ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts
Answers
The observation that fails to support the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells is: C) the existence of size differences between some prokaryotic cells and mitochondria.
The endosymbiotic theory is a scientific theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells. According to this theory, eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells that formed a symbiotic relationship with one another, with one cell living inside the other. The larger cell provided the smaller cell with protection and nutrients, while the smaller cell provided the larger cell with energy through the process of photosynthesis or cellular respiration.Mitochondria and chloroplasts, two organelles found in eukaryotic cells, are believed to have evolved from free-living prokaryotes that were taken up by other cells through endocytosis.
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remember that the action and reaction forces are equal in any collision if the action and reaction forces are equal then why do bumper cars that are of different masses react differently
Answers
Answer:
Newtons´s second law explain that F=MA, so, the heavier the car, the higher the impact force.
Explanation:
Answer:
no
Explanation:
True or false
All living things are made up of one or more cells?
Answers
Answer:
True
Explanation:
All living things have more than one cells that help function the organ system
Answer:
true
Explanation:
unicellular organisms are still classified as living things.
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which glands secrete hormones that regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats? select all that apply. one, some, or all responses may be correct. pancreas
Answers
The pancreas secretes hormones that regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
The hormones insulin and glucagon are secreted by the pancreas and help regulate blood sugar levels and appetite, stimulate stomach acids, and tell your stomach when to empty.
Insulin and glucagon are two hormones secreted by the pancreas that are essential to regulating metabolism. Insulin helps the body absorb glucose from the bloodstream, while glucagon helps regulate glucose levels in the body. Insulin helps cells take in glucose, which is then converted into energy for the body. Glucagon helps the body break down stored energy, such as fat and glycogen, when glucose levels are low.
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which of the following is an adaption of intertidal benthos to the possibility of drying out at low tide? group of answer choices hard, thick shells that can be sealed shut stinging cells and sharp spines planktonic larval forms that can move to new areas camouflage so that they are hidden among the rocks
Answers
Intertidal benthos adaptation to the possibility of drying out at low tide is through hard, thick shells that can be sealed shut. This answer is the correct option for the question.
Intertidal benthos is the group of organisms that live on the ocean shore, in the intertidal zone that is between the low and high tide marks. The intertidal zone is the area where tides alternate between covering and exposing the ocean floor.
Intertidal benthos includes a variety of organisms, including sea anemones, crabs, mussels, and others. These organisms have evolved different adaptations to enable them to survive in this environment, which can be hostile. Hard, thick shells that can be sealed shut is an adaptation of intertidal benthos to the possibility of drying out at low tide.
This adaptation allows the intertidal benthos to protect themselves from desiccation during low tide. The shells are thick enough to retain moisture inside the organism, which keeps the intertidal benthos alive until the tide returns.
Other adaptations include stinging cells and sharp spines for defense, planktonic larval forms that can move to new areas, and camouflage so that they are hidden among the rocks.
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if a cockatoo is not eating or preening himself, is standing tall with his feathers slicked tight to his body, and has his eyes open wide and his beak slightly open, he is showing fas level: 0
Answers
The cockatoo's behavior indicates a FAS level of 0, suggesting a state of calmness or relaxation.
What does it mean when a cockatoo exhibits FAS level: 0?When a cockatoo is not eating or preening, stands tall with feathers slicked tight to its body, and has wide-open eyes with a slightly open beak, it is displaying FAS (Feather Adrenaline Syndrome) level: 0.
FAS is a term used to describe a range of behaviors and physical signs observed in cockatoos, primarily related to stress and anxiety. FAS level: 0 indicates a relaxed and calm state of the bird. The described posture and behavior, such as standing tall, tight feathers, open eyes, and slightly open beak, signify a non-agitated state.
Understanding and interpreting the various FAS levels and associated behaviors are crucial for caretakers and bird enthusiasts. It helps in assessing the well-being and emotional state of the cockatoo, providing insights into their comfort levels and responses to their environment.
Feather Adrenaline Syndrome (FAS) is a complex condition observed in cockatoos and other parrots, resulting from various environmental stressors and psychological factors.
Recognizing the different FAS levels and their corresponding behaviors aids in addressing the bird's emotional needs, implementing appropriate environmental enrichment, and minimizing potential stressors. Further research and education on FAS contribute to the welfare and optimal care of cockatoos, promoting their mental and physical health.
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The Nature Conservancy forms large preserves by
a. combining donations, exchanges, and purchases of land.
b. working with the government to target land for preservation.
c. persuading businesses to donate land for parks.
d. conducting research to determine what land is suitable for preservation.
Answers
Answer:
Maybe A/B
Explanation:
The Nature Conservancy forms large preserves by combining donations,exchanges,and purchases of land.
I think it's correct?
what is the evolutionary force behind all the different species at the present time?
Answers
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Those traits are passed down to other related animals
when the substrate is bound to the enzyme, the shape of the enzyme may change slightly, leading to
Answers
Answer:
hey
Explanation:
its raining heavily here ,what of that side
7. What happens during mitosis?
(a) The nucleus of the cell divides.
(b) The cytoplasm of the cell divides.
(c) The cell divides.
(d) The DNA replicates.
Answers
Answer:
(c) The cell divides.
Mitosis is the process in which a cell divides.
Mitosis is one of the two types of cell division. The other type of cell division is Meiosis.
Meiosis takes place in reproductive cells and the cell is divided into two which is further divided into four by Meiosis-II
While in Mitosis the process is somewhat similar, the parent cell divides into two new cells and there is no further division and also the parent cell and the two daughter cell will be the exact same
what would be the expected proportions of genotypes and phenotypes for the offspring of a cross between a woman who is homozygous recessive and a man who is heterozygous for the starbucks trait?
Answers
If the Starbucks trait is indeed a recessive trait and follows a simple Mendelian inheritance pattern, we would expect that approximately 25% of the offspring would have the recessive phenotype (aa) and 75% would have the dominant phenotype (either AA or Aa).
If we assume a simple Mendelian inheritance with a single gene and two alleles (let's say A and a), and the Starbucks trait is a recessive trait, we can make some general predictions.
The woman being homozygous recessive (aa) means that she only carries the recessive allele. The man being heterozygous for the Starbucks trait means he carries both the dominant (A) and recessive (a) alleles.
When these individuals have offspring, all of their children will receive one allele from each parent. The possible combinations are:
AA (dominant allele from the father and mother): This genotype would result in the dominant phenotype for the Starbucks trait.
Aa (dominant allele from the father and recessive allele from the mother): This genotype would also result in the dominant phenotype.
aa (recessive allele from both parents): This genotype would result in the recessive phenotype for the Starbucks trait.
If the Starbucks trait is indeed a recessive trait and follows a simple Mendelian inheritance pattern, we would expect that approximately 25% of the offspring would have the recessive phenotype (aa) and 75% would have the dominant phenotype (either AA or Aa).
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how can small changes make a large impact to help mitigate global warming? what kinds of personal lifestyle changes can be made to reduce the demand for fossil fuels?
Answers
Small changes in our daily lives can have a significant impact on mitigating global warming. Some of these changes include reducing energy consumption, increasing the use of renewable energy sources, driving less, eating a plant-based diet, and reducing waste.
Personal lifestyle changes such as reducing energy consumption by turning off lights and electronics when not in use, using energy-efficient appliances, adjusting thermostats, and increasing the use of renewable energy sources can help reduce the demand for fossil fuels.
Driving less by using public transportation, carpooling, biking or walking, adopting a plant-based diet or reducing meat consumption, and reducing waste through recycling, composting, and using reusable bags and containers can also have a positive impact on the environment.
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What conclusion about the cells does the data in the table support?
A. Cell 1 is from a plant; Cell 2 is from an animal.
B. Cell 1 is prokaryotic; Cell 2 is from a plant.
C. Cell 1 is prokaryotic; Cell 2 is from an animal.
D. Cell 1 is eukaryotic; Cell 2 is prokaryotic.
Answers
Answer:
C. Cell 1 is prokaryotic; Cell 2 is from an animal.
Explanation:
In the Arizona desert, a fossilised specimen of this native trees was discovered. This species is no longer alive. Explain the current environment and how it differs from the one the tree lived in.
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Answers
The Arizona desert is a hot and arid region, characterized by low annual rainfall, high temperatures, and sparse vegetation. It is home to a variety of plant and animal species that are specially adapted to survive in these harsh conditions. The desert is also known for its geological formations, including canyons, mesas, and sand dunes.
Over the course of geological time, the climate and environment of the Arizona desert have changed significantly. For example, during the Pleistocene epoch (2.6 million to 11,700 years ago), the region was much cooler and wetter than it is today. This allowed for the growth of vegetation that is not present in the modern desert, including grasslands, savannas, and even forests in some areas.
It is possible that the fossilized tree specimen discovered in the Arizona desert lived during a period when the climate and environment were different from what they are today. By studying the tree's morphology and anatomy, scientists may be able to infer information about the environmental conditions that existed when the tree was alive. For example, the presence of growth rings or other indicators of growth rate can provide clues about the amount of rainfall and temperature fluctuations that the tree experienced during its lifetime. By comparing this information to current climate data, scientists can gain insights into how the environment of the region has changed over time.
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1. Identify three diseases of Bees. Each disease should be caused by either a bacteria, virus or protozoa.
You will list the symptoms and the control for each disease.
Answers
Answer:
1. Nosemosis: Symptoms: declining population, poor honey production, reduced brood production: Control: you can treat your colonies with fumagillin according to the package directions. Fumagillin is an antimicrobial agent isolated from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus.
2. European Foulbrood: Symptoms: erratic or uneven brood pattern,
twisted larvae lying unnaturally in the cell, dis-colored larvae: Control: Antibiotics are used prophylactically to prevent and to treat European foulbrood after signs of the disease are visible. Oxytetracycline (Terramycin) is the only antibiotic approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat European foulbrood.
3. American Foulbrood (AFB): Symptoms: Spotted brood pattern, Sunken cappings, Off center holes in cappings: Control: It is best to burn all colonies infected with AFB but you can treat infected colonies with antibiotics. There are two antibiotic treatments for AFB: Terramycin and Tylan. If AFB is not resistant to Terramycin (oxytetracycline hydrochloride) then this antibiotic is used.
Explanation:
Bee studies.
7. Imagine that all nations agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by half in an effort to reduce global warming. In what ways could you revise this simulation, so it accounted for the influence of this solution on arctic habitat, and on the whale and seal populations?
Answers
If all nations agreed to reduce global warming then It would be good because the seals need icy conditions. So the less global warming then the more icy habitats there will be and the seals will have more places to live.
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The positive effect is that these greenhouse gases affect the arctic ecosystem, which also has a detrimental impact on the creatures that dwell there.
What is the effect of greenhouse gas?Because these greenhouse gases affect the arctic ecosystem, which also has a detrimental impact on the creatures that dwell there, having a positive effect.
This solution has a significant impact on the arctic habitat as well as the populations of whales and seals, accounting for the influence of this solution on arctic habitat.
Therefore, by limiting the emissions of these greenhouse gases, the arctic ecosystem benefits, and the number of whales and seals rises, all nations agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
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Phenotype = ___________ + _____________
Answers
Phenotype = Genotype + Environment.
What is phenotype?The term "phenotype" describes the observable physical or biochemical traits of an organism that are brought about by the interplay of the organism's genotype (genetic make-up) and environment. It is the process by which an organism's genes are expressed as a result of environmental stimuli like nutrition, temperature, or toxin exposure. Physical qualities like eye color or height, as well as behavioral or physiological traits like metabolism or illness susceptibility, can all be considered phenotypic traits.
Consequently, the genetic features that an organism inherits from its parents (genotype) and the influence of environmental factors on the manifestation of those traits can be combined to form phenotype. The genotype serves as the genetic building block for the development of the organism, whereas the phenotype is the outcome of the intricate interplay between genes and environment.
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Haemophilia is a genetic condition that impairs people's ability to form blood clots. Some forms of it are known to be sex-linked. Suppose that equal proportions of people are men and women, ignoring further gender variance. One meta-study estimates that 2-in-10,000 men and 1-in-100,000 women have a particular sex-linked form of haemophilia. (a) What is the probability that a randomly chosen person has haemophilia? (b) What is the probability that a given person with haemophilia is a man?
Answers
(a) The probability of a randomly chosen person having hemophilia is 0.000105.
(b) The probability that a given person with hemophilia is male is approximately 1.9.
(a) Probability that a randomly chosen person has hemophilia:
Haemophilia can affect both males and females, but we need to find the probability for both. Hence,
the probability of having hemophilia = probability that a randomly chosen person is male × probability that a male has hemophilia + probability that a randomly chosen person is female × probability that a female has hemophilia
Probability of having hemophilia in males = 2/10,000 = 0.0002
Probability of having hemophilia in females = 1/100,000 = 0.00001
Probability of a randomly chosen person is male = 0.5
Probability of a randomly chosen person is female = 0.5
Probability of having hemophilia = 0.5 × 0.0002 + 0.5 × 0.00001 = 0.000105
(b) Probability that a given person with haemophilia is a man:
From (a), we know that the probability of having hemophilia is 0.000105. Therefore, the probability that a given person with hemophilia is male is:
probability that a given person with haemophilia is a man = probability that a male has hemophilia/ probability of having hemophilia = 0.0002/0.000105 = 1.9048≈1.9 (approximately).
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The colorful wildflowers that pop up in the desert after it rains and quickly produce seeds before they die are an example of.
Answers
The colorful wildflowers that pop up in the desert after it rains and quickly produce seeds before they die are an example of Annual Plant.
An annual plant is one that goes through its whole life cycle, from germination to seed production, in a single growing season before dying.
Any plant that completes its life cycle in a single growing season is considered an annual plant . The phrase is typically used to describe blooming plants whose sole portion that persists from one growing season to the next is the dormant seed.
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An overnight culture of 15 ml Escherichia coli was used as a sample. Two ml of this culture is added to a bottle containing 48ml of buffer. This dilution is mixed wee (as all dilutions are!), and 5 ml of this mixed in 15 ml of buffer. This second dilution is diluted by three successive 1:10 dilutions. the last (fifth) dilution is plated, i.e., 0.3 ml is plated on nutrient agar. after incubating the plate, 121 colonies are counted. a) what was the final dilution in the second tube? b) what was the final dilution in the fourth tube? c) How many colony forming units of E.coli culture were present in the original stock culture
Answers
a) The final dilution in the second tube was 1:100. b) The final dilution in the fourth tube was 1:10 x 1:10 x 1:10 = 1:1000.c) There were 1.21 billion colony forming units of E.coli culture present in the original stock culture.
The initial culture was diluted 2 ml into a total of 50 ml (48 ml buffer + 2 ml culture), giving a 1:25 dilution. The 5 ml of this dilution was then added to 15 ml of buffer, giving a total volume of 20 ml and a dilution of 1:100. Therefore, the final dilution in the second tube was 1:100.
b) The second dilution was further diluted by three successive 1:10 dilutions. Therefore, the final dilution in the fourth tube was 1:10 x 1:10 x 1:10 = 1:1000.
c) The number of colony forming units (CFUs) of E.coli culture present in the original stock culture can be calculated using the following formula:
Number of CFUs = (number of colonies counted / volume plated) x (reciprocal of final dilution)
Plugging in the values, we get:
Number of CFUs = (121 colonies / 0.3 ml) x (1/ (1:25 x 1:1000))
Number of CFUs = 121 colonies / 0.3 ml x 40000
Number of CFUs = 1.21 x 10^9 CFUs/ml
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What cycle of matter does a hyena interact with the most
Answers
Hyenas interact with the water cycle of the ecosystem the most, as they need water for survival and for drinking purposes, and every organism that takes something from nature contributes.
What is the significance of the hyena?They are significant to the ecosystem as they maintain it by maintaining predator-prey relationships, they are also of great interest to the scientific community, where they are studied for their body mechanics, but they should be preserved as their population is going down.
Hence, hyenas interact with the water cycle of the ecosystem the most, as they need water for survival and for drinking purposes, and every organism that takes something from nature contributes.
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Simple carbohydrates are called ___________________.
Group of answer choices
Monosaccharides
starch
Polysaccharides
Disaccharides
Answers
Answer:
simple sugars
Explanation:
Monosaccharides is the answer
what is the definition for stomach
Answers
Answer:
the internal organ in which the major part of the digestion of food occurs, being (in humans and many mammals) a pear-shaped enlargement of the alimentary canal linking the esophagus to the small intestine.
why do cells have a mitochondria?
Answers
Answer:
Mitochondrias act as a digestive system
The left side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood throughout the body in a process called ______ circulation.
Answers
Systemic circulation is a process through which oxygenated blood is pumped throughout the body of a living organism by the left-side of a mammalian heart.
Cardiac cycle can be defined as a complete heartbeat of the mammalian heart, which typically comprises sequential alternating contraction and relaxation of both the atria and ventricles, therefore causing oxygen-rich blood to flow unidirectionally (in one direction) throughout the human body.
Systemic circulation is a process that is responsible for the transportation of oxygen-rich blood from the left-side of the mammalian heart throughout the body of a living organism.
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Autoclaving is the most effective among all moist heat-related antimicrobial methods. (True or False)
Answers
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
Autoclaving is the most effective among all moist heat-related antimicrobial methods because this method can kill all the harmful microbes such as bacteria, fungi and viruses. Moist heat causes destruction of microorganisms by denaturation of macromolecules that is present in their body such as proteins. Autoclaving is a very common method for moist sterilization. It is an effective method in killing fungi, bacteria, spores, and viruses but it does not eliminate prions.
To treat dacryocystitis, antibiotic eye drops are often used to defeat the bacterial infection.
a. True
b. False
Answers
The given statement is true. The primary treatment for dacryocystitis is antibiotics. These drugs kill the microscopic organisms that cause the infection.
Dacryocystitis is aggravation of the lacrimal sac which regularly happens optionally to hindrance inside the nasolacrimal conduit and the resultant reinforcement and stagnation of tears inside the lacrimal sac.
Anatomy: Tears are created by the lacrimal glands; matched almond formed exocrine glands which sit in the upper sidelong part of each circle in the lacrimal fossa, a region viewed as inside the front facing bone. The tears grease up the eye and are then gathered into the prevalent and mediocre puncta and afterward channel into the substandard and predominant canaliculi. From the canaliculi, the tears go through the valve of Rosenmuller into the lacrimal sac, where they then stream down the nasolacrimal conduit, through the Valve of Hasner, lastly channel into the nasal hole.
The etiology of dacryocystitis is ordinarily due to a nasolacrimal channel impediment (NLDO). This can additionally be arranged into term (intense versus ongoing) and beginning (inherent and obtained causes).
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True or False: In an experiment to avoid errors you should only change one variable, all other factors should remain the same.
Answers
Answer:
True
Explanation:
In an experiment, if you change more than one variable at a time, you will not know what is causing the potentially different outcome. If you only change one variable and leave all other factors constant, you will know exactly what is causing the data.
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The variety of life within a particular habitat, often measured by
the number of different species is known as
Answers
Answer:
"Biodiversity" would be the appropriate response.
Explanation:
Biodiversity, sometimes referred to as biological diversity, is the spectrum of organisms occurring on Earth although, occasionally, the entire range of life on Earth. The accumulation of species through a region is a general indicator of this diversity, considered species prevalence. Throughout ecosystems, like something from an intricate network, almost all of these plants or animals helping to maintain equilibrium and sustain life.Mitosis unfolds through a sequence of stages marked by specific events in the cell.
a. True
b. Flase
Answers
Mitosis unfolds through a sequence of stages marked by specific events in the cell.
The statement is True
The process by which a single parent cells divides to make two new daughter cells. Each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes from the parent cell. This process allows the body to grow and replace cells.
The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn out cells. If not corrected in time, mistakes made during mitosis can result in changes in the DNA that can potentially lead to genetic disorders. if mutation occurs in DNA then it leads to genetic disability and physically disability.
Mitosis is a way of making more cells that are genetically the same as the parent cell. It plays an important part in the development of embryos, and it is important for the growth and development of our bodies as well. Mitosis produces new cells, and replaces cells that are old, lost or damaged.
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