Which statistical test can be used t0 determine if two genes are linked? determination of interference deletion mapping the single nucleotide polymorphism test the coefficient of coincidence 0 chi-square test of independence

When hair gets wet, the hydrogen bonds between keratin molecules in the hair are broken. These bonds are weak and temporary, but they help to maintain the shape and structure of the hair.

Other types of bonds between keratin molecules, such as disulfide bonds and salt bonds, are not typically affected by water. Disulfide bonds are strong and permanent, and they give hair its strength and elasticity. Salt bonds are also relatively strong, and they help to maintain the shape of the hair.

However, both types of bonds can be broken down by chemical treatments, such as hair relaxers or perms. In contrast, the hydrogen bonds broken by water can be re-formed when the hair dries, which is why hair often returns to its original shape after it has been wet.

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The complete question is:

What types of keratin links or bridges are altered when hair gets wet?

Numerous major dangers to our water supplies exist, all of which are essentially brought on by human activities. Ecosystem degradation include urbanisation, deforestation, pollution, climate change, and sedimentation.

One of the biggest dangers to water supplies is ecosystem degradation, which frequently results from changes to the environment including clearing forests, turning natural landscapes into farms, expanding towns, constructing roads, and surface mining. Each kind of landscape modification will have a unique effect, typically having a direct effect on natural ecosystems and a direct or indirect effect on water supplies.

A comprehensive ecosystem approach to water management is necessary despite the challenge of incorporating the complexity of ecosystems into conventional evaluation and management processes.

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Answer:

The Ring of Fire or also known as the Circum-Pacific Belt

Hope that helps!

Answer:

the circum-pacific system A surrounds the pacific ocean.

Explanation:

The weakest nucleophile in a polar protic solvent among the given options is Br. Option c is correct.

In a polar protic solvent, nucleophilicity is inversely proportional to basicity. Basicity refers to the ability of a molecule to accept protons, while nucleophilicity refers to the ability of a molecule to donate a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

In polar protic solvents, the solvent molecules can hydrogen bond to the nucleophile, stabilizing it and reducing its nucleophilicity. Halides are all nucleophiles, but in polar protic solvents, their nucleophilicity decreases in the order: F > Cl > Br > I.

This is because the larger halides, such as iodide (I), are more polarizable due to their larger size and can therefore more effectively delocalize negative charge.

This means that they are better able to stabilize their negative charge, which makes them weaker nucleophiles. Thus, the correct option is c.

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Answer:

Please find the diagram of the general structure of amino acids attached.

Explanation:

Proteins are one of the four major biomolecules in living systems. As rightly stated in this question, they are building blocks of the body. However, proteins are biological polymers made up of monomeric units called AMINO ACIDS. A long chain of these amino acids make up a protein molecule.

An amino acid generally consists of a central carbon atom called ALPHA CARBON, attached to an amine group (-NH2), a carboxylic acid group (-COOH), and a side chain (R side chain). All 20 amino acids that exists in nature have this general structure but differs only in the type of SIDE CHAIN (R group) they possess i.e. all amino acids have a different R side chain.

Please find the diagrammatic representation of the general structure of amino acids as an attachment.

Answer:

:)

Explanation:

Answer:

This is mostly because there were several non-bird dinosaurs that had wings. One of these was the Caudipteryx.

this should help

Answer:

living species evolved from reptiles, not mammals. However, they have adapted to fly. Aves are warm-blooded species with scales on their feet.

Answer: Probability: 0%

Explanation:

Hardy-Weinberg establishes that the genetic composition of a population remains in equilibrium as long as no natural selection or other factors act and no mutations occur. This means that the children of this couple will inherit the genes of the parents.

The woman is phenotypically normal with no family history of PKU, this mean that probably there are no affected (recessive) alleles in her family. In an autosomal recessive disorder, both copies of the gene in each cell are recessive. Therefore, her genotype will be AA with A being the dominant and normal allele. As for the Irish man, his sister does have PKU, which means her genotype is aa. So, she must have received a defective allele from each parent. Then the parents' genotypes are both Aa (heterozygous, only one allele affected as they are healthy). So, we know that the Irish man does not have the disease (he can't be aa), but he could be Aa (having inherited a normal allele from one parent, and an affected one from the other parent) or AA (having inherited both normal alleles from each parent).

Then we have two possible punnetts square to do: AA (the Irish woman) and AA (he Irish man); or AA (woman) and Aa (man).

In the attached figure both punnetts squares are shown. The first punnett square (AA x AA) shows that 100% of the offspring will be AA (this means, the phenotypic ratio is also 100% not affected and non-carrier). The second punnett square (AA x Aa) shows that 50% will be AA (healthy and non-carrier) and 50% will be Aa (heterozygous, healthy and carrier) But since it is an autosomal recessive disease, a single affected allele is not enough to develop the disease. So in neither case is there a chance of having a child with PKU.

Answer:

The experiment should be repeated to confirm its results

Explanation:

Type of operon:

Trp operon is a repressible operon

Lac operon is an inducible operon.

Environment:

Trp operon is deactivated when tryptophan is present in the environment.

Lac operon is activated when lactose is present in the environment.

Repressor protein:

Trp operon is activated by tryptophan through bonding to the repressor protein

Lac operon is inactivated by lactose through binding to the repressor protein.

Transcription:

Trp operon -Tryptophan binds to the repressor protein, activating it, thus preventing active transcription of Trp operon.

Lac operon - Lactose binds to the repressor protein, deactivating it, thus allowing for active transcription of Lac operon.

An operon is a unit of DNA found in prokaryotes, containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter and which performs a specific function. Examples of operons are the tryptophan (Trp) and lactose (Lac) operons.

Trp operon is responsible for tryptophan synthesis while Lac operon is  responsible for lactose transportation and metabolism.

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Answer:

answer below

Explanation:

straight from edmentum

Substrate level phosphorylation is seen in both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

What is Phosphorylation?

Phosphorylation is a biochemical process in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule, usually a protein or other organic molecule. This process is important in many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, metabolism, and gene expression. Phosphorylation typically occurs when a protein is activated or deactivated by a specific chemical signal, such as a hormone.

What is the Krebs cycle?

The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that takes place in the mitochondria of cells. It is the central metabolic pathway of cellular respiration, where energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules, the primary energy source of the cell. The Krebs cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide and the reduction of NAD+ to NADH.

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Answer:

The correct answer is D. Use local resources to make food products.

Explanation:

Here is an explanation of why the other options are incorrect:

A. Throw away food that is out-of-season. This is a wasteful practice that will increase food costs. It is better to donate food that is out-of-season to food banks or other organizations that help people in need.

B. Distribute local food to places around the world. This is a costly and inefficient practice. It is better to use local resources to make food products that can be sold locally.

C. Increase the number of diesel-powered trucks to transport food. This is a harmful practice that will increase emissions and contribute to climate change. It is better to use electric trucks or other sustainable transportation methods to transport food.

D.Using local resources to make food products is a sustainable and cost-effective practice that can help to reduce food costs and waste. It is a good way to support local farmers and businesses, and it can help to reduce the environmental impact of food production.

The relative fitness (w) of each genotype is (1 - x), where x represents the mortality rate after germination.

To calculate the relative fitness (w) of each genotype, we need to consider the assumption that heterozygotes are as fit as homozygous blue lupins and that seeds from both pink and blue lupins suffer the same mortality rate after germinating.

1. Let's start by assigning a value of 1 to the fitness of homozygous blue lupins (BB).

2. Since heterozygotes (Bb) are assumed to be as fit as homozygous blue lupins, their fitness will also be 1.

3. Now, let's calculate the relative fitness of the pink lupins (bb) using the assumption that they suffer the same mortality rate as the blue lupins.

4. If blue lupins have a mortality rate of x, then the survival rate would be (1 - x). Since pink lupins are assumed to have the same mortality rate, their survival rate would also be (1 - x).

5. The relative fitness (w) of each genotype can be calculated by multiplying the survival rate with the fitness value assigned to each genotype.

- For homozygous blue lupins (BB): w = 1 * (1 - x)

= (1 - x)
- For heterozygotes (Bb): w = 1 * (1 - x)

= (1 - x)
- For pink lupins (bb): w = 1 * (1 - x)

= (1 - x)

In conclusion, the relative fitness (w) of each genotype is (1 - x), where x represents the mortality rate after germination.

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Answer:

a anaphase

Explanation:

prophase metaphase Anaphase telophase the cytokenisis

Answer:

a anaphase

Explanation:

Answer:

0.1% of energy

Explanation:

Energy flow: From the whole quantity of energy that reaches the earth's surface, autotroph organisms or producers absorb only 0.1 or 1%.

From the input of solar energy begins a unidirectional energy flow through all the organisms in the ecosystem, from autotrophs to heterotrophs, until it is dissipated in the environment.  

At each trophic level occurs an energy transfer to the next, with only 10% being usable in each of them. This assessment is called "The 10% rule". As a general rule, only about 10% of the energy stored as biomass at one trophic level, per unit time, ends up as biomass at the next trophic level, in the same unit of time.

If wheat transferred 10% of the energy to mice, and of that 10% mice transferred 10% of the energy to hawk, then the percentage of energy transferred from the first trophic level to the third equals 0.1%.

10% (1st TL-2nd TL) / 10% (2nd TL - 3rd TL) = 0.1% (1stTL - 3rd TL)

TL = Trophic level          

Answer:

solar radiation

Explanation:

Solar radiation includes visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared, radio waves, X-rays, and gamma rays.

RNA polymerases are the enzymes involved in transcription. RRNA makes up the majority of a RNA in cells; mRNA makes up about 3-5% of a cell's total RNA.

To create a fresh, complementary RNA molecule, RNA polymerase employs a single Stranded dna (the template to make) as a template. Termination is the procedure that puts a stop to transcribing. The RNA sequences that indicate that the translation is finished rely on termination. Where does the transcription of a gene to mRNA by RNA polymerase start? It begins following a certain nucleotide pattern known as a promoter. What role does RNA polymerase play? The expanding strand of RNA receives nucleotides as the double helix is unwound. RRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase I, mRNA, miRNA, snRNA, or snoRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, while tRNA & 5S rRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase III. Answer and justification Comparisons between DNA and RNA A Template dna strand is needed for polymerases.

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Hormones are released by endocrine glands by three mechanisms including humoral stimuli, neural stimuli, and hormonal stimuli.

Humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neurological stimuli are the three main ways that endocrine glands are triggered to produce and release hormones. A change in extracellular fluids like blood or the ion content in the blood that impacts the release of hormones is known as a humoral stimulus. A hormone is released in reaction to a hormonal stimulus, which is the release of another hormone. Some endocrine glands release hormones when they are stimulated by hormones produced by other endocrine glands. When the neurological system directly triggers the release of hormones from the endocrine glands, this is referred to as a neural stimulus.

Negative feedback is primarily responsible for controlling hormone release and production. A stimulus causes the release of a substance in negative feedback systems; when the substance reaches a specific level, it sends a signal that prevents further release of the substance. By doing this, a specific range of hormone concentrations in the blood is maintained.

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Answer:

1.  Wind and movement

2. Formation of ocean waves

Waves are created by energy passing through water, causing it to move in a circular motion. As wind blows across the surface of the ocean or a lake, the continual disturbance creates a wave crest. These types of waves are found globally across the open ocean and along the coast.

Explanation:

The number of snails and birds decrease in the given food chain.

Food chain refers to the order of events in an ecosystem, where one living organism feeds another organism, and after that organism is consumed by another organism in higher tropic level.

The food chain always begins with producers who make food, proceeds  with other consumers who eat the food and at the comes the topmost predator. In ecology food chain is considered as the series of events that transfer energy and food from one organism to another and is necessary for survival of the organisms .

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Answer:

C.) The gravitational pull off the moon

Answer:

I think c

Explanation:

bc of like high tide or whatever

Answer:

two

Humans are diploid organisms, carrying two complete sets of chromosomes in their somatic cells: one set of 23 chromosomes from their father and one set of 23 chromosomes from their mother.

Explanation:

Answer:

c. Compression.

Explanation:

Compression is the primary way from which folded mountains are formed. Fold mountains are created where two or more of tectonic plates of earth are pushed together. Due these collision, compressing boundaries and rocks are  folded into rocky hills, mountains, and entire mountain ranges. Fold mountains are formed through a process called orogeny which is an event that leads to both structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere at the margins of convergent plate.

Answer: A

Explanation:

this is correct because the mice population will decrease and would increase to prevent extinction

Among the given options, option (c) Estrogen inhibits bone resorption, is the correct answer.

Sex hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulating sexual development, behavior, and physiological processes in humans and animals. The sex hormones include androgens, estrogens, and progesterone in humans.

Testosterone is a male sex hormone that is produced by the Leydig cells in the testicles. It is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as body hair growth, deepening of the voice, and muscle growth. It also stimulates the production of sperm by the Leydig cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testicles. Therefore, option (a) is the correct expected effect of testosterone.

Estrogen is a female sex hormone that is produced by the ovaries. It is responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development and the widening of the hips. It also stimulates the growth of the endometrial lining of the uterus, which is necessary for the implantation of a fertilized egg. Therefore, option (b) is also the correct expected effect of estrogen.

In addition, estrogen also has a protective effect on bone density. It inhibits the activity of cells that break down bone tissue, which helps to prevent osteoporosis. Therefore, option (c) is an incorrect expected effect of estrogen.

Testosterone also causes the development of male secondary sex characteristics, such as the growth of facial hair, the deepening of the voice, and the enlargement of Adam's apple. Therefore, option (d) is also the correct expected effect of testosterone.

Therefore, all of the given effects of sex hormones are true except that estrogen inhibits bone resorption.

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Answer:

D

Explanation:

A suspects nuclear DNA sample is matched to an unknown sample of mt dNA that was found at a crime scene

A suspect's nuclear DNA sample is matched to an unknown sample of mtDNA that was found at a crime scene.

Nuclear DNA (nDNA), or id, is the DNA contained whin each cell nucleus of a eukaryotic to Mendelian inheritance, with information coming from two parents, one male and one female—rather than matrilineally (through the mother) as in mitochondrial DNA.

Nuclear DNA is a nucleic acid, a polymeric biomolecule or biopolymer, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Its structure is a double helix, with two strands wound around each other, a structure first described by Francis Crick and James D. Watson (1953) using data collected by Rosalind Franklin. Each strand is a long polymer chain of repeating nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and an organic base. Nucleotides are distinguished by their bases: purines, large bases that include adenine and guanine; and pyrimidines, small bases that include thymine and cytosine. Chargaff's rules state that adenine always pairs with thymine, and guanine with cytosine. The phosphate groups are held together by a phosphodiester bond and the bases are held together by hydrogen bonds.

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Answer:

canibal or carnivore

Explanation:

if you meat. you're a carnivore

Answer:

Whenever the blood's acid-base equilibrium is affected by increasing quantities of carbon dioxide, pulmonary alkalosis results. People who have fast, uncontrolled breathing regularly face it (hyperventilation). Treatments that reduce the chance of hyperventilation are a component of the therapy. Alkalosis leads to cerebral vasoconstriction, which as a result decreases the brain's processing power and likely contributes to misperceiving and misreading. Hyperventilation is a subsequent disease to respiratory alkalosis. The most common causes of hyperventilation include shocks like hypoxia, metabolic acidosis, discomfort, stress, or a rise in metabolic demand. The body mostly uses the lungs to make up for both acidosis and alkalosis. When we breathe, the lungs let a certain amount of carbon dioxide leave, which alters the overall alkalinity of our blood. Additionally, the kidneys contribute by regulating the release of bicarbonate ions.

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