Answer:
hydrocloric acidic i think
what is the proper way to clean the crucible and lid
The proper way to clean a crucible and lid is as follows
Allow the crucible and lid to cool completely before handling them. Once cooled, use a brush to remove any loose debris or residue from the crucible and lid. Rinse the crucible and lid with distilled water to remove any remaining residue. Dry the crucible and lid thoroughly with a clean cloth or paper towel. Store the crucible and lid in a clean, dry place until they are needed again.
It is important to always handle the crucible and lid with care and to avoid using any abrasive or harsh cleaning agents, as these can damage the surface of the crucible and lid. Always follow any specific cleaning instructions provided by the manufacturer of the crucible and lid.
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true or false/Air masses are responsible for the weather in a region
Answer:
False
Explanation:
The air masses are not responsible for weather , it is cause by the Earth evolution
PLEASE HELP! 80 points!!
A metal crystallizes in the face‑centered cubic (FCC) lattice. The density of the metal is 12020 kg/m3, and the length of a unit cell edge, , is 389.08 pm. Calculate the mass of one metal atom in grams.
Identify the metal. either ( gold, silver, platinum, palladium)
Answer:
the metal is gold I'd say
The mass of one metal atom is \(1.770\times 10^{-22}\)grams.
The metal atom is palladium.
Explanation:
Given:
A face-centered unit cell.
The density of the unit cell is \(12020 kg/m^3\).
The edge length of the unit cell 389.08 pm
To find:
The mass of one atom of the metal
Solution:
The density of the unit cell = d = \(12020 kg/m^3\)
The edge length of the unit cell = a = 389.08 pm
\(1 pm = 10^{-12} m\\a=389.08 pm=389.08\times 10^{-12} m=3.8908\times 10^{-10}m\)
Total number of atoms in F.C.C unit cell = z = 4
The atomic mass of the metal atom = M
The density of the unit cell is given by:
\(d=\frac{z\times M}{N_A\times a^3}\\12020 kg/m^3=\frac{4\times M}{6.022\times 10^{23}mol^{-1}\times (3.8908\times 10^{-10}m)^3}\\M=0.106586 kg/mol\\1 kg=1000 g\\M=0.106586 kg/mol=0.106586 \times 1000 g/mol\\M=106.586 g/mol\)
The mass of one mole of metal atom = 106.586 g
The mass of 1 atom of metal :
\(=\frac{106.586 g}{6.022\times 10^{23}}\\=1.770\times 10^{-22} g\)
The mass of one metal atom is \(1.770\times 10^{-22}\) grams.
The atomic mass of the metal atom is 106.586 g/mol which is close to the atomic mass of the palladium. Hence, the metal atom is palladium.
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If you start with 200 atoms of a radioisotope and the half-life is 10 years, how many atoms of the radioisotope will remain after 30 years
After 30 years, only 25 atoms of the radioisotope will remain.
To solve this problem, you need to understand the concepts of radioisotope, half-life, and exponential decay.
Given that you start with 200 atoms of a radioisotope with a half-life of 10 years, after 30 years, you can calculate the remaining atoms using the following formula:
Remaining atoms = Initial atoms * (1/2) * number of half-lives
In this case:
Remaining atoms = 200 * (1/2)³
Simplifying the equation:
Remaining atoms = 200 * (1/2)³
Remaining atoms = 200 * (1/8)
Remaining atoms = 25
After 30 years, 25 atoms of the radioisotope will remain.
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Explain why C6H6 is a Lewis base, but not a Bronsted Lowry or Arrhenius base.
Answer:
C6H6, also known as benzene, is a Lewis base because it can donate a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with a Lewis acid. A Lewis base is defined as any substance that can donate a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond.
However, benzene is not a Bronsted-Lowry base because it does not have a hydrogen ion (H+) to donate. A Bronsted-Lowry base is defined as any substance that can donate a hydrogen ion (H+).
Benzene is also not an Arrhenius base because it does not produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water. An Arrhenius base is defined as any substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
Explanation:
There are different definitions of what a base is. Three common definitions are the Lewis, Bronsted-Lowry, and Arrhenius definitions.
According to the Lewis definition, a base is any substance that can donate a pair of electrons to form a bond. Benzene (C6H6) can do this, so it is considered a Lewis base.
The Bronsted-Lowry definition says that a base is any substance that can donate a hydrogen ion (H+). Benzene does not have a hydrogen ion to donate, so it is not considered a Bronsted-Lowry base.
The Arrhenius definition says that a base is any substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water. Benzene does not produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water, so it is not considered an Arrhenius base.
QUESTION 1 1.1 Describe what the leaching process is and identify the resulting product streams of this (5) process. 1.2 Describe four factors that leaching is dependent on. (8) 1.3 Name two factors you would consider when selecting the solvent. (4) (3) 1.4 Why is it important to pre-treat the solid before leaching? 1.5 A stream of 320kg/hr wax paper containing paraffin wax is to be processed to extract paraffin wax using kerosene solvent. 200kg/hr of paraffin wax is to be leached and washed at 45°C in a two stage, counter current system with 480kg/hr of kerosene. The leaching stage consists of an agitated vessel that discharges slurry into a thickener. The washing stage consists of a second thickener. Experiments show that the sludge underflow from each thickener will contain 3.2kg of overflow per kg of insoluble wax paper. List all your assumption and assuming ideal stages: Calculate the % recovery of paraffin wax in the final extract. (30)
The leaching process is a technique used to extract soluble components from a solid material by selectively dissolving them into a suitable solvent.
How to explain the informationFour factors that leaching is dependent on are:
Solvent selection: The choice of solvent is crucial as it determines the solubility of the desired components and the selectivity of the extraction process.Temperature: Higher temperatures generally increase the solubility and rate of extraction.Time: The duration of the leaching process affects the extent of extraction, allowing sufficient contact time between the solvent and the solid material.Solid-to-solvent ratio: The ratio of the mass of solid material to the volume or mass of solvent impacts the efficiency of extraction. An optimum ratio must be determined to maximize extraction while minimizing solvent usage.Two factors to consider when selecting the solvent are:
Solubility: The solvent should have a high solubility for the desired components to ensure effective extraction.Selectivity: The solvent should selectively dissolve the desired components while minimizing the dissolution of unwanted impurities.It is important to pre-treat the solid before leaching to remove any impurities or contaminants that may hinder the leaching process. Pre-treatment can involve processes such as crushing, grinding, or washing to increase the surface area available for contact with the solvent and to remove any surface coatings or layers that may inhibit the extraction.
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aspirin is a compound that contain carbon,hydrogen and oxygen. It is uesd as painkiller. An aspirin tablet contain 1.25×10³⁰ molecule. How many moles of this compound are present in the tablet
Answer:
Number of molecules = 1.25 x 10 30 molecules
Avogadro’s number = 6.022 x 10 23
Number of moles = ?
Formula
Number of moles = 1.25 x 10 30
6.022 x 10 23
= 2.07 x 106 moles
Explanation:
What is one way that the kidneys help maintain homeostasis in the body?
A They regulate the temperature of the body
B They regulate the distribution of energy in the body
C They regulate the amount of oxygen in the body
D They regulate the amount of water in the body
Answer:
they regulate the amount of water in the body.
Explanation:
The kidneys help maintain homeostasis by regulating the concentration and volume of body fluids. For example, the amount of H+ and HCO3 - secreted by the kidneys controls the body's pH.
A chemical reaction between X2 (red) and Y2 (blue) produces XY (red-blue). All compounds are in a gaseous state and each molecule represents 0.10 bar of that reactant or product. The picture shown here represents the equilibrium mixture.
There are six blue-blue clusters composed of two fused blue spheres, three red-red clusters composed of two fused red spheres, and seven red-blue clusters composed of a red sphere fused with a blue sphere.
Calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction
The equilibrium constant for this reaction is 1.65.
Solution:
X2: 3, Y2: 6, XY: 7
X₂ + Y₂ ⇌ 2XY
Kc = [XY]² / [X₂][Y₂] = [7]²/[3][6] = 2.72
1mole of equation √(2.72) = 1.65
The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction is the value of the reaction quotient in chemical equilibrium the state to which a dynamic chemical system approaches when, after sufficient time, its composition exhibits no further measurable tendency to change. Q is the quantity that changes as the reaction system approaches equilibrium. K is the numerical value of Q at the end of the reaction when equilibrium is reached.
Balance Example A book on a table. A car that moves at a constant speed. A chemical reaction in which the forward and reverse kinetics are equal. The specific rate constant k is a constant of proportionality that relates reaction rate to reactant concentration. The rate laws and specific rate constants of chemical reactions must be determined experimentally. The value of the rate constant is temperature dependent.
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(01.07 HC)
A student collected the data shown in the table below during an experiment.
Liquid Characteristics
Liquid Characteristics
Boiling Point Freezing Point Color Expansion per Degree Change in Temperature
Mercury 357 °C −39 °C shiny silver gray relatively lower
Alcohol 78 °C −115 °C colorless relatively higher
Based on the data, which of the following conclusions can be made about the use of mercury and alcohol thermometers?
A mercury thermometer can measure the freezing point of a liquid that freezes at −80 °C.
An alcohol thermometer can measure the boiling point of a liquid that boils at 80 °C.
A mercury thermometer is better to measure very small changes in temperature.
An alcohol thermometer is better to measure the boiling points of colorless liquids.
Answer: a mercury thermometer is better to measure very small changes in temperature
Explanation:
i took the test and got it right
Answer:
the answer is C, a mercury thermometer is better to measure very small changes in temperature.
Explanation:
i just took the test and it was correct :)
hydrofluoric acid
What’s the formula
Hydrofluoric acid/Formula
______________________
HF
______________________
o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0
1. we used __________ to represent an element.
a. chemical formula
b. symbol
2. the chemical formula of a molecule shows the______________.
a. number of atoms contained in the molecule.
b. chemical properties of the molecule.
c. number and kind of atoms contained in the molecule.
3. which of the following is an atom.
a. K
b. CO
c. H2O
d. HI
4. which of the following is a molecule.
a. He
b. N
c. Ar
d. CO
\(▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪ {\huge\mathfrak{Answer}}▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪▪\)
1. we used Symbol to represent an element.
2. The chemical formula of a molecule shows the number and kind of atoms contained in the molecule.
3. K (potassium) is the atom among the given choices.
4. CO (carbon - monoxide) is the molecule among given choices.
Answer:
1. we used chemical formula to represent an element.
choice a. is correct
2. the chemical formula of a molecule shows the number and kind of atoms contained in the molecule.
choice c. is correct
3. which of the following is an atom?
= K [Potassium]
choice a. is correct
4. which of the following is a molecule?
= CO [Carbon Monoxide]
choice d. is correct
Can someone help me with this
In the earth’s rest frame, two protons are moving away from each other at equal speed. In the frame of each proton, the other proton has a speed of 0.700 c.
What does an observer in the rest frame of the earth measure for the speed of each proton?
An observer in the rest frame of the earth would measure that each proton is moving away from each other at a speed of 0.700 c.
This is because in the rest frame of the earth, the two protons are moving away from each other at equal speed, and the speed of the other proton in the frame of each proton is relative to the proton's own rest frame.
Therefore, the speed of each proton as measured by the observer in the rest frame of the earth would still be 0.700 c.
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Lithium has two isotopes with mass number 6 and 7. If the relative atomic mass of
lithium is 6.94, determine the percentage abundance of each isotope.
Answer: 86.14%, 100.86%
Explanation:
The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of the isotopes of the element, taking into account the abundance of each isotope. To determine the percentage abundance of each isotope, we can use the following formula:
Percentage abundance = (isotope mass / relative atomic mass) x 100
For the isotope with mass number 6, the percentage abundance would be:
(6 / 6.94) x 100 = 86.14%
For the isotope with mass number 7, the percentage abundance would be:
(7 / 6.94) x 100 = 100.86%
So the isotope with mass number 6 has an 86.14% abundance, and the isotope with mass number 7 has a 100.86% abundance. The sum of these two percentages is slightly greater than 100 because the relative atomic mass is an average and does not take into account the abundance of each isotope.
Discuss how humans can fight and prevent disease. (Include 3 examples)
Answer:
by washing your hands
keeping distance if its a contagious disease
eat well
Formulate a real-life situation and solved which involves multiplication of polynomials and division of polynomials. Use the rubric provided to rate your work.
A real-life situation where multiplication and division of polynomials needs to be solved could be the following:
Tom is a carpenter and he needs to calculate the volume of a cuboid-shaped object he is constructing. The object has a length of 5x^2 + 6x - 2, a width of 3x - 2, and a height of 4x + 1. Tom needs to calculate the total volume of the object and rate his work with the rubric provided.
The volume of the object can be calculated by multiplying the length, width, and height together:
(5x^2 + 6x - 2)(3x - 2)(4x + 1)
The total volume can be simplified to 60x^3 + 4x^2 - 18x - 10. Tom can then use the rubric provided to rate his work.
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Alleles are represented using upper and lowercase letters like B for brown eyes and b for blue eyes.
A. True
B. False
Answer:
A. True
Explanation:
which qualities define the tempera medium? multiple select question. uses egg yolk or milk products as a binder slow drying and easy to correct mistakes aqueous medium (uses water as a vehicle) retains brilliance and clarity of colors for centuries
The correct qualities that define the tempera medium are:
Uses egg yolk or milk products as a binder
Slow drying and easy to correct mistakes
Retains brilliance and clarity of colors for centuries
The qualities that define the tempera medium are:
Uses egg yolk or milk products as a binder: Tempera traditionally uses egg yolk or milk products (such as casein) as binders to hold the pigments together.
Slow drying and easy to correct mistakes: Tempera has a slow drying time, allowing for easier correction of mistakes or adjustments to the artwork before it sets.
Retains brilliance and clarity of colors for centuries: Tempera has excellent color retention over time, often maintaining its brilliance and clarity for centuries when properly cared for.
Therefore, the correct qualities that define the tempera medium are:
Uses egg yolk or milk products as a binder
Slow drying and easy to correct mistakes
Retains brilliance and clarity of colors for centuries
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According to the following reaction, how many moles of ammonia
will be formed upon the complete reaction of 31.7 grams of nitrogen
gas with excess hydrogen gas?
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) -> 2NH3 (g)
____mol
According to the balanced equation, 31.7 grams of nitrogen gas (N₂) reacting with excess hydrogen gas (H₂) will produce a 2.264 moles of ammonia gas (NH₃).
To determine the moles of ammonia formed, we need to convert the given mass of nitrogen gas to moles using its molar mass and the stoichiometric ratio of the balanced equation.
The molar mass of nitrogen gas (N₂) is 28.02 g/mol. To calculate the number of moles of nitrogen gas, we divide the given mass by its molar mass:
31.7 g / 28.02 g/mol = 1.132 mol
According to the stoichiometry of the balanced equation, the ratio between nitrogen gas and ammonia gas is 1:2. This means that for every 1 mole of nitrogen gas, 2 moles of ammonia gas are produced.
Therefore, using the stoichiometric ratio, we can determine the moles of ammonia formed:
1.132 mol N₂ * (2 mol NH₃ / 1 mol N₂) = 2.264 mol NH₃
Thus, upon the complete reaction of 31.7 grams of nitrogen gas with excess hydrogen gas, 2.264 moles of ammonia gas will be formed.
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A teacher wants to figure out the amount of a solution that is needed for a titration experiment in a class lab. The class has 15 students, and each experiment needs 50 mL of solution.
If each student will perform the experiment two times, how many mL of solution will the teacher need for the whole class?
375 mL
750 mL
1500 mL
3000 mL
Answer:
Im sure it's 1500 mL
Explanation:
You would have ti multiply by 15 i think
Answer:
It is C) 1500 mL
Explanation:
It is C) 1500 mL
If the Earth rotated in the opposite direction, what would most likely occur? Select one
A.The Sun would rise in the west.
B.There would be more days in each year.
C.The phases of the Moon would last longer.
D. The seasons would be reversed.
Answer:
I believe the seasons would be reversed
Explanation:
If I'm wrong sorry
Answer:
D.) The seasons would be reversed
Explanation:
Hope I helped
Which phrase best describes a period on the periodic table?
a. elements that are in the same group
b. elements that have the same number of electrons
c. a column of elements
d. a row of elements
Answer:
d. a row of elements
Explanation:
Elements that are in the same group, have same number of electrons and make up a column in a periodic table.
\(.\)
The phrase which best describes a period on the periodic table is; a row of elements.
The elements in the periodic table are divided into rows and columns. The rows are called the periods while the columns are called the groups.
This means that a period is best described as a row of elements from the foregoing.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D: a row of elements.
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b. the ph of the stomach can influence the ionization of drugs such as aspirin (aka acetylsalicylic acid or hasp). given that at equilibrium the ph of a 0.1 m aspirin is 2.24, what is the pka of aspirin?
The pKa of a compound is the pH at which the compound is half-ionized. At a pH of 2.24, the aspirin is mostly in the form of its acid, so we can assume that the pKa of aspirin is 2.24.
What is half-ionized ?Half-ionized refers to a state where some, but not all, of the molecules or atoms have had one or more of their electrons removed and become positively charged ions. This can occur either naturally in a gas or as a result of electromagnetic radiation, such as X-rays, passing through the gas. In some cases, such as in the interstellar medium, the gas is only partially ionized, meaning that only a fraction of the atoms or molecules have been affected. In such cases, the fraction of the gas that has been ionized is referred to as the ionization fraction. Half-ionized gas can be found in extreme environments, such as those found in star-forming regions or in the outer layers of the atmosphere of Jupiter. The half-ionized state can also be found in laboratories, where lasers can be used to create plasmas with a range of ionization fractions.
\($$\begin{aligned}& \text { Reaction :- Aspirin } \rightarrow \mathrm{Asp}^{-}+\mathrm{H}^{+} \\& 0.1-x \times x \\& \mathrm{Ka}=\frac{\left[\mathrm{Asp}^{-}\right]\left[\mathrm{H}^{+}\right]}{\text {(Aspirin) }} \\& =\frac{x^2}{0.1-x} \\& \text { Find out }[\mathrm{H}+]=\mathrm{x} \\& \mathrm{PH}=-\log _{10}\left[\mathrm{H}^{+}\right] \\& \log _{10}\left[\mathrm{H}^{+}\right]=2.24 \\& {\left[\mathrm{H}^{+}\right]=\text {antilog } 2.24} \\& =1.73 \times 10^{-2}=x \\&\end{aligned}$$\)
\($$\begin{aligned}& \text { Now Ka }=\frac{x^2}{0.1-x} \\& \mathrm{Ka}=\frac{1.73 \times 10^2}{0.1-0.0173} \\& \mathrm{Ka}=\frac{\left(\left(1.73 \times 10^{-2}\right)\right)^2}{0.0627} \\& \mathrm{Ka}=\frac{2.9929 \times 10^{-1}}{0.01827} \\& \mathrm{Ka}=36.32 \times 10^{-4}=3.63 \times 10^{-3} \\& \text { Pka }=-\log _{10} \mathrm{ka} \\& =-\log \left(3.63 \times 10^{-3}\right) \\& =2.44\end{aligned}$$\)
Thus, pKa of aspirin is 2.24
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saftey goggles are worn in the lab-
Answer:
Yes
Explanation:
Is this a question or what?
Answer:
this is true and should always be true
Explanation:
if they are not on in the lab you or others may get injured
I need to learn how to balance this equation, but I am having trouble with it. Can you help me?__Zn + __HC2H3O2 → __Zn(CH3COO)2 + __H2
To balance a equation, we need to have the same number of atoms of each elements on both sides of the chemical reaction (reactant and product side).
I rewrote this substance(Zn(CH3COO)2) for better understanding.
__Zn + __HC2H3O2 → __Zn(C2H3O2)2 + __H2
Reactant side unbalanced:
Zn - 1
H - 4
C - 2
O - 2
Products side unbalanced:
Zn - 1
C - 4
H - 8
O - 4
Obs: when there is a part inside the parentheses, all the atoms are multiplied by the number outside the parentheses.
Now let's balance the equation changing the stoichiometric coefficient.
Zn + 2 HC2H3O2 → Zn(C2H3O2)2 + H2
Reactant side:
Zn - 1
H - 8
C - 4
O - 4
Product side:
Zn - 1
H - 8
C - 4
O - 4
Now the equation is balanced.
Answer: Zn + 2 HC2H3O2 → Zn(C2H3O2)2 + H2
Chemical disequilibrium is likely to be present in:_________
Chemical disequilibrium is likely to be present in any system where the forward and reverse reactions are not in balance.
This can occur in a variety of situations, such as when the reactants are not present in the correct proportions, when the reaction conditions are not ideal, or when there are external factors affecting the reaction. For example, in a chemical reaction where one product is constantly being removed from the system, the reaction may never reach equilibrium.
Similarly, in a reaction where the temperature or pressure is constantly changing, the equilibrium may shift in one direction, leading to a chemical disequilibrium. Ultimately, chemical disequilibrium occurs when a reaction is not able to maintain a stable equilibrium state. Chemical disequilibrium is likely to be present in environments where reactions are ongoing and not yet in a stable state. These situations can be found in systems experiencing changes in temperature, pressure, or concentrations of reactants and products. Examples include volcanic areas, hydrothermal vents, or chemical industries where continuous production or consumption of reactants occurs. The presence of chemical disequilibrium provides opportunities for further reactions to take place, leading to new products and potential energy releases. Understanding these environments can offer insights into various natural processes and technological applications.
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How does an emerging idea differ from scientific consensus? Which best describes emerging scientific ideas?
Emerging scientific ideas are new theories or ideas that are gaining attention in the scientific community, but have not yet been fully accepted or confirmed.
Emerging ideas refer to the new and innovative ideas or theories that have yet to gain full scientific acceptance. While a scientific consensus is a view or theory that has been universally accepted and confirmed by multiple experiments or research, an emerging scientific idea is a new and unproven theory or idea that is gaining attention in the scientific community. These emerging ideas may also be referred to as scientific hypotheses. In contrast to scientific consensus, emerging scientific ideas have not yet been subjected to rigorous testing and confirmation.
They are generally proposed to explain new observations or experimental results, which have not yet been fully understood or explained by established scientific theories. Emerging scientific ideas can have the potential to challenge the current scientific consensus. If an emerging scientific idea is found to be valid, it can ultimately lead to the establishment of a new scientific consensus. For example, the emerging scientific idea of the Higgs boson particle led to the discovery of a new field in particle physics, which is now an established scientific consensus.
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9. Calcule el calor emitido cuando reaccionan 450 g de Bromo (Br2
) de acuerdo con la ecuación. (Peso atómico
del Br = 80 uma)
H2 (g) + Br2 (g) → 2HBr(g) ∆H° = -144. 8 kJ/mo
The heat emitted when 450 g of Bromine (Br2) reacts according to the given equation is -407.1 kJ. The negative sign indicates that the reaction is exothermic (heat is released).
To calculate the heat emitted in the given reaction, we need to know the number of moles of Bromine (Br2) that react. For this, we can use the given mass of 450 g and the molar mass of Bromine (Br2):
Molar mass of Br2 = 2 x Atomic mass of Br = 2 x 80 uma = 160 g/mol
Number of moles of Br2 = Mass of Br2 / Molar mass of Br2
= 450 g / 160 g/mol
= 2.8125 mol (rounded to 4 decimal places)
Now, we can use the given value of ΔH° and the stoichiometry of the reaction to calculate the heat emitted:
ΔH = n x ΔH°
= 2.8125 mol x (-144.8 kJ/mol)
= -407.1 kJ
Therefore, the heat emitted when 450 g of Bromine (Br2) reacts according to the given equation is -407.1 kJ. The negative sign indicates that the reaction is exothermic (heat is released).
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Translated Question: Calculate the heat emitted when reacting 450 g of Bromo (Br2) according to the equation. (Peso atómicodel Br = 80 uma)H2 (g) + Br2 (g) → 2HBr(g) ∆H° = -144. 8 kJ/mo
Which atom in the pair is smaller?
1. Cl or I.
2. In or Sn.
3. Li or Be.
4. P or Al.
5. Ga or In
Cl atom is smaller compared to I. Similarly, Sn is smaller than In . The smaller atom among Li and Be is Be and that among P and Al is P. The smaller atom among Ga and In is Ga.
What is atomic size?Atomic size of an atom is determined with respect to the distance from the nucleus to the valence shell. Along a period from left to right side the atomic size decreases.
Similarly down a group atomic size increases. Down a group a new valence shell is added to the atom and that increases the size of an atom. iodine is the heavy atom among halogens and thus, Cl is smaller than I.
In is in 13th group and Sn is 14th group. So from left to right size decreases. Thus, Sn is smaller. Similarly Be is smaller and P is smaller than Al.
Ga is early element in the and in is next to Ga. Thus, down the group, atomic size decreases. Thus, Ga is smaller.
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