why does the space inside the thylakoid (lumen) become positively charged during the light reactions?
Answers
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, the space inside the thylakoid membrane, known as the thylakoid lumen, becomes positively charged.
This occurs as a result of the movement of protons (H+) across the thylakoid membrane. The primary source of these protons is the splitting of water molecules in the thylakoid lumen during photosynthesis. When light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules, it excites electrons, initiating a series of electron transfer reactions. As electrons move through the electron transport chain, protons are pumped across the thylakoid membrane from the stroma (the fluid-filled space outside the thylakoids) into the thylakoid lumen. This process is facilitated by protein complexes called cytochrome b6f and photosystem II. As more protons accumulate in the thylakoid lumen, a concentration gradient is established, with a higher concentration of protons in the lumen compared to the stroma. This gradient creates a positive charge inside the thylakoid lumen, while the stroma retains a negative charge. The accumulation of positive charge in the thylakoid lumen is essential for ATP synthesis during the subsequent process of chemiosmosis. The movement of protons back into the stroma through ATP synthase harnesses their energy to produce ATP, which is an important energy currency for the cell. In summary, the positive charge buildup in the thylakoid lumen during the light reactions is a result of protons being pumped across the thylakoid membrane, primarily through the splitting of water molecules, and plays a crucial role in ATP synthesis.
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Related Questions
A bicyclist pedaling up a hill is this a form of kinetic energy or potential energy?
Answers
Answer:
Kinetic
Explanation:
Its a moving action
When a bicyclist is pedaling up a hill, it is a form of potential energy. The correct option is option potential energy.
An object's position or configuration in relation to other things might provide it potential energy. The potential energy in this situation is gravitational potential energy.
Because they are being lifted against gravity as they ascend the hill, the cyclist gains gravitational potential energy. The potential energy of the cyclist increases as they ascend.
The potential energy will be transformed into kinetic energy once the cyclist begins pedaling or moving downward.
As a result of their increased height above the ground, cyclists are building up potential energy as they bike up a hill. They gain speed as they cycle downhill, transforming that potential energy into kinetic energy.
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pieces of rock or minerals that are flying through space; called shooting stars. What is it?
Answers
Pieces of rock or minerals flying through space, commonly referred to as shooting stars, are actually called meteoroids.
Shooting stars are actually not stars at all, but rather pieces of rock or minerals that are flying through space.
These pieces of debris are called meteoroids, and when they enter Earth's atmosphere, they heat up and create a streak of light in the sky, which is what we see as a shooting star.
Most meteoroids are very small, around the size of a grain of sand, but they can range in size up to several feet in diameter.
When a meteoroid enters the Earth's atmosphere, it is traveling at very high speeds, typically around 25,000 miles per hour.
This causes the air in front of the meteoroid to compress and heat up, which in turn causes the meteoroid to heat up and start to glow.
The glowing trail that we see in the sky is caused by the heated air molecules, not the meteoroid itself.
Shooting stars are a common sight in the night sky, and can be seen from almost anywhere on Earth.
They are often associated with meteor showers, which occur when the Earth passes through a cloud of debris left behind by a comet or asteroid.
During a meteor shower, dozens or even hundreds of shooting stars can be seen in a single night.
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A cannon ball is launched from the edge of a cliff that is 6 m above the ground. It has a
horizontal velocity of 10.2 m/s. It takes 3.7 s for the cannonball to reach the ground.
How far from the cliff does it land?
Record your answer to the nearest hundredth.
Answers
Answer:
Sh = Vh t horizontal distance traveled
Sh = 10.2 m/s * 3.7 s = 37.74 m
A scuba diver uses his waterproof flashlight to shine a beam of light so that it strikes the surface of the water at an angle of incidence . Use Snell’s law to find the angle of incidence that would give an angle of refraction for the refracted ray to be directed right along the surface, and show that is the same as the critical angle for total internal reflection.
Answers
Answer:
the light speed up and change it directtions
Determine the force of gravitational attraction between the earth (m = 5.98 x 1024 kg) and a 70-kg physics student if the student is in an airplane at 40000 feet above earth's surface. This would place the student a distance of 6.39 x 106 m from earth's center.
Answers
Answer:
\(F=683.790939\)N
Explanation:
From the Question we are told that
Earth mass \(m_1= 5.98 * 10^2^4 kg\)
Students mass \(m_2=70kg\)
Distance of student from earth center Radius \(r=6.39 * 10^6 m\)
Generally the equation for Force of attraction b/w the earth and the boy is mathematically given by
\(F=\frac{Gm_1m_2}{r^2}\)
\(F=\frac{6.67.10^-^1^1*( 5.98 x 10^2^4)(70)}{(6.39 *10^6)^2}\)
Therefore the force of attraction b/w the student and the earth is
\(F=683.790939N\)
\(F\approx 684N\)
ur friends rows a canoe across a river 44.0m wide. Using gps on her phone, she determines that her total displacement is 66 m. How far down the river did the current move her canoe?
Answers
The distance down the river that the current carried her is 49.2 m
The given parameters;
the width of the river, w = 44 m
total displacement , d = 66 m
let the distance down the river that the current carried her = h
The distance down the river that the current carried her is calculated as;
-----------44m-----------
↓
↓ h
↓
↓
The total displacement is the hypothenuse of the right triangle.
Her displacement down the river, h, is calculated using Pythagoras theorem;
\(h^2 = 66^2 - 44^2\\\\\h^2 = 2420\\\\h = \sqrt{2420} \\\\h = 49.2 \ m\)
Thus, the distance down the river that the current carried her is 49.2 m
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6. Which country in the world is frequently effected by earth quakes?
Answers
Answer:
For which country do we locate the most earthquakes? Japan. The whole country is in a very active seismic area, and they have the densest seismic network in the world, so they are able to record many earthquakes.
plz mark as brainlist
The amount of force equal to 1 kg•m/s2 defines what SI unit?
Answers
A newton is defined as 1 kg⋅m/s2, which is the force which gives a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 metre per second, per second.
The lithosphere is a rigid layer made of Earth's entire crust and the very top part of Earth's mantle. This rigid layer is divided into several large pieces, or plates. The lithospheric plates float on top of the _______, which is a weak part of the mantle that flows slowly.
Answers
Answer:
dxfgjcfygu.h
Explanation:
so sorrymcgvlg;uh'ijuoi'ogf;yulcfxkchgvjhgijuiu
y'i;fyltkxfgchghui
uy8't;fultdyk
Please explain how you got the answer :(
Answers
Answer:
36.5 kJ
Explanation:
Energy by machine = energy to machine × efficiency
E = 52.1 kJ × 0.70
E = 36.5 kJ
differences between distance and displacement.
Answers
What is initial velocity?
Answers
Initial velocity is when the motion starts.
Explanation:
Initial velocity is is the velocity at time interval t = 0 is represented by u.
Simple diffusion of a molecule down its concentration gradient requires an input of energy to the system.
1. True
2. False
Answers
Simple diffusion of a molecule down its concentration gradient requires an input of energy to the system is false.
Does simple diffusion need energy?Diffusion is a type of molecule movement down its concentration from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. Because of that, it doesn’t require the energy (ATP) from respiration. The molecule only uses kinetic energy. Based on these characteristics, diffusion is included in passive transport.
Diffusion can either be simple diffusion or be facilitated by another molecule. Simple diffusion is the movement of molecules along their concentration gradient without the direct involvement of any other molecules, while facilitated diffusion is the transport of molecules via a protein membrane.
Thus, simple diffusion doesn’t need energy for regulating the molecule passing through the membrane.
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Find the slope of the line containing the two points (1,-1) and 7-5,-3). (1 point)
a
-1
b
-1/3
ос
1/3
Od
2
e
3
Answers
Answer:
\(m = \frac{-2}{3}\)
Explanation:
Given
Points: (1,-1) and (-5,3)
Required
Determine the slope
The slope of a line is represented by m and is calculated as thus;
\(m = \frac{y_1 - y_2}{x_1 - x_2}\)
Where
\((x_1,y_1) = (1,-1)\)
\((x_2,y_2) = (-5,3)\)
Substitute these values in the given formula
\(m = \frac{-1 - 3}{1 - (-5)}\)
\(m = \frac{-1 - 3}{1 +5}\)
\(m = \frac{-4}{6}\)
Simplify fraction
\(m = \frac{-2}{3}\)
Hence, the slope of the line is \(m = \frac{-2}{3}\)
Answer:
The answer is 1/3
Explanation:
Change in y/Change in x
-2/-6=1/3
Understanding that if we say something unkind to someone else his or her
feelings will be hurt is an example of the dimension of development.
A. physical
B. moral
C. cognitive
D. psychosocial
(apex, psychology)
Answers
Answer: Moral
Explanation:
Answer:
Moral
Explanation:
Ape.x
The star Betelgeuse is about 600 light-years away. If it explodes tonight, approximately when can it be observed?
Answers
The star Betelgeuse is about 600 light-years away. If it explodes tonight, approximately: we won't know about it until 600 years from now.
What is light-years?Rather than measuring time, a light-year measures distance (as the name might imply). The distance a light beam travels in a single Earth year is measured in "light-years," which is roughly equivalent to 6 trillion miles (9.7 trillion kilometers).
Because the cosmos is expanding, the light that goes the farthest is stretched the most, resulting in the object that emitted that light being farther away. The expanding cosmos is the reason we can see things up to 46.1 billion light-years away. According to a common model of the Universe, some of the most recently discovered objects may be more than 13 billion light years away.
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The wind pushes a paper cup along the sand at a beach. The cup has a mass of 0. 025 kg and accelerates at a rate of 5 m/so. How much force is the wind exerting on the cup
Answers
The wind is exerting a force of 0.125 N on the paper cup.
The force exerted by the wind on the cup can be calculated using Newton's second law of motion, which states that the force acting on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration:
F = m * a
where F is the force in newtons (N), m is the mass in kilograms (kg), and a is the acceleration in meters per second squared (m/s^2).
Substituting given values, we get:
F = 0.025 kg * 5 m/s^2
F = 0.125 N
Substituting the given values, we get:
F = 0.025 kg * 5 m/s^2
F = 0.125 N
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If an object is rolling without slipping, how is the speed of its center related to its angular velocity
Answers
Speed of its center will be directly proportional to its angular velocity in the case of rolling without slipping
What is rolling without slipping ?
Rolling without slipping is a combination of translation and rotation where the point contact is instantaneously at rest.
When an object rolls without slipping on an inclined plane , then the velocity of the center of mass will be equal to angular velocity times radius that object.
Vo = angular velocity * radius
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why do we need to follow the suggested activities given in the philippines physical activity guided (PPAP)
Answers
The PPAG recommends a variety of physical activities, such as aerobic exercises, muscle-strengthening exercises, and flexibility exercises. It also includes recommendations for the frequency, intensity, and duration of physical activity for various age groups and skill levels.
Individuals can ensure that they are getting the right amount and type of physical activity for their health and well-being by following these guidelines.
The Philippines Physical Activity Guidelines (PPAG) provide evidence-based physical activity recommendations to improve health and well-being. Following the PPAG's suggested activities can provide numerous benefits, including:
Improving overall health: Physical activity is linked to a lower risk of chronic diseases like heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. It can also aid in the management of chronic conditions like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and obesity.
Physical activity has been shown to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as improve overall mood and emotional well-being.
Improving physical function: Regular physical activity can help improve strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination, lowering the risk of falls and improving overall physical function.
Physical activity is an important component of a healthy weight management plan because it helps burn calories and maintain muscle mass.
Increasing social connections: Physical activities can provide opportunities to connect with others and build social support networks.
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A train travelled from Hong Kong to Beijing. It travelled at an average speed of 160 km/h in the first 4 hours. After that, it travelled at another average speed of 180 km/h. If the distance between Hong Kong to Beijing is 1180 km, what was the total time for the whole journey?
Answers
Answer: 7 hours
Explanation:
h=hours
160*4=640
1180-640=180h
180h=540
h=3
3+4=7 hours
Answer:
7h
Explanation:
4.160=640km
1180-640=540km
540:180=3h
3+4=7h
Determine the acceleration of block a when the system is released. The coefficient of friction and the weight of each block are indicated in the figure. Neglect the mass of the pulleys and cords.
Answers
The force of friction between the surfaces is known to be given by f = µN, where µ is the coefficient of friction and N is the normal force acting on the body.
The normal force in this case is given by N = mg. Given the weight of block A as 10 N and the coefficient of friction as 0.2, the force of friction acting on block A is given by:f = µN = 0.2 * 10 = 2 N
Now, the net force acting on block A is given by:Fnet = T - f - mg = T - (µN) - mg = T - µmg - mg.
The acceleration of the system is given by the net force divided by the mass of the system. Neglecting the mass of the pulleys and cords, the net mass of the system is m = ma + mb.a = Fnet / m = (T - µmg - mg) / (ma + mb)Now, T is the tension in the string that is pulling block A and can be determined using the free body diagram of block B.
T = mbg - µmaga = (T - µmg - mg) / (ma + mb) = ((mbg - µmaga) - µmg - mg) / (ma + mb)a = (mbg - µmg - µma*g - mg) / (ma + mb)Now, substitute the values of m, g, ma, mb, and µ to obtain the acceleration of block A when the system is released.
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A woman is standing on a steep hillside in the rain and is not moving. A
sudden gust of wind blows down the hillside, which makes her start sliding
down the hill. When the wind stops blowing, the woman continues to slide.
Which of the following statements explains why she continues to slide down
the hillside?
A. The component of the woman's weight along the hillside is larger
than the kinetic friction between the woman and the ground.
B. The component of the woman's weight along the hillside is less
than the kinetic friction between the woman and the ground.
C. The component of the woman's weight along the hillside is larger
than the static friction between the woman and the ground.
D. The component of the woman's weight along the hillside is less
than the static friction between the woman and the ground.
SUBMIT
Answers
Answer:
The correct option is;
A. The component of the woman's weight along the hillside is larger than the kinetic friction between the woman and the ground
Explanation:
Given that the coefficient of static friction is always larger than the coefficient of kinetic friction, we have that before the wind blew, the component of the woman's weight along the hillside was lesser than the static friction between the woman and the ground, when the wind blew the total force of the wind and the component of the woman's weight put her into motion such that the acting frictional force was then the kinetic frictional force which was lesser than the kinetic frictional force so the woman continues to slide down the hillside without the wind.
An object is NOT accelerating. Is its motion changing?
Yes or No?
Answers
Answer:
Acceleration is 0. Acceleration is the change in velocity over time, so if acceleration is 0, the change in velocity is 0 no matter how much time passes. THIS DOES NOT MEAN VELOCITY IS 0. it only means that velocity is constant. In other words, the speed of motion will not change
Explanation:
a motorboat that normally travels at 10 km/h in still water heads directly across a flowing river (at a right angle to the river flow). if the river also flows at a rate of 10 km/h, what will be boat's velocity relative to the shore?
Answers
The boat's velocity relative to the shore is approximately 14.1 km/h at an angle of 45° to the river flow.
Using the Pythagorean theorem, we can find the magnitude of the resultant velocity:
Resultant velocity = √(10² + 10²) = √200 ≈ 14.1 km/h
To find the direction of the resultant velocity, we can use trigonometry:
Angle = tan⁻¹(opposite/adjacent)
Angle = tan⁻¹(10/10) = 45°
Resultant velocity is the vector sum of two or more velocities acting on an object. It is the total velocity that an object experiences due to the combined effects of all the individual velocities acting on it. Resultant velocity is a vector quantity, which means that it has both magnitude and direction.
When two velocities act on an object, they can either add or subtract depending on their directions. If the velocities are in the same direction, they add up to create a larger velocity, resulting in a greater speed. If the velocities are in opposite directions, they subtract from each other, resulting in a slower speed. If the velocities act at an angle to each other, the resultant velocity will be a combination of their horizontal and vertical components.
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A box has a momentum of 38.0 kg*m/s to the right. A 88.3 N force pushes it to the right for 0.338 s. What is the final momentum of the box? (unit = kg*m/s)
Answers
Answer:
63.8454kgm/s
Explanation:
According to Newton's second law;
Force = mass ×acceleration
Fore = m(v-u)/t
Force = mv-mu/t
MV is the final momentum
mu is the initial momentum = 38kgm/s
Force = 88.3N
Time = 0.338s
Substitute and get mv
88.3 = mv-38/0.338
88.3×0.338 = mv-38
29.8454 = mv-38
MV = 29.8454+34
mv = 63.8454kgm/s
Hence the final momentum is 63.8454kgm/s
Answer:
67.8
Explanation:
im an acellus student, and this is the answer that i got when doing the problem.
Which substances are inorganic? Check all that apply.
C6H12O6
K2CO3
C4H10
C27H46O
Fe3O4
Answers
The major characteristic an organic compound has which an inorganic
compound doesn't have is the presence of carbon atoms in the molecule.
This helps us to differentiate the compounds into their respective divisions.
Inorganic compounds
K2CO3Fe3O4Organic compounds
C6H12O6C4H10C27H46OWe can observe that inorganic compounds lack carbon atoms which makes
the answer valid.
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Answer:
B and E because yk thats the asnwer
The figure below shows electrons moving along an electric current towards and away from the light bulb. Electrons traveling along an electric current. Arrow under electrons points right and left both towards and away from the light bulb. Does this figure show a direct or alternating current?
Answers
The figure below showing electrons moving along an electric current towards and away from the light bulb with arrows pointing right and left in both directions, indicates that the current is alternating.
What is Electric Current?
It is the rate at which electric charges move through a circuit, measured in amperes (A). Electric current is caused by the movement of electrons, which carry a negative charge, and it flows from a region of higher electric potential to a region of lower electric potential.
Electric current can be produced by a variety of sources, including batteries, generators, and power plants. The amount of current that flows through a circuit depends on the voltage, or electric potential difference, and the resistance of the circuit. Ohm's law describes the relationship between these variables: current is equal to voltage divided by resistance (I = V/R).
In an alternating current (AC), the flow of electric charge changes direction periodically, typically 50 or 60 times per second (50 or 60 Hertz). The direction of the current reverses periodically, causing the electrons to move back and forth, as shown in the figure. In a direct current (DC), the flow of electric charge is always in one direction, and the electrons move in one direction only.
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A hydrometer is an instrument used to determine liquid density. A simple one is sketched in the figure below. The bulb of a syringe is squeezed and released to lift a sample of the liquid of interest into a tube containing a calibrated rod of known density. (Assume the rod is cylindrical.) The rod, of length L and average density 0, floats partially immersed in the liquid of density . A length h of the rod protrudes above the surface of the liquid. Show that the density of the liquid is given by
=
0L
L − h
.
(Do this on paper. Your instructor may ask you to turn in this work.)
Answers
Answer:
weight of rod =weight of liquid displaced
mass of the rod ×g =mass of liquid displaced ×g
(g cancelled out)
mass of the rod =mass of liquid displaced
density of rod ×volume of rod =density of liqiud ×volume of liquid displaced
O×cross section area of rod ×height of rod =density of liquid ×Cross section area of rod ×height of rod under the surface
O×L=density of liquid ×(L-h)
then density of liquid =OL/(L-h) shown as required
The density of the liquid is given by =OL/L − h
What is density?Density is the ratio of mass of an object and its volume.
According to the Archimedes principle, weight of rod = weight of liquid displaced
mass of the rod ×g =mass of liquid displaced ×g
So, mass of the rod =mass of liquid displaced
Mass in terms of density is substituted,
density of rod × volume of rod =density of liquid ×volume of liquid displaced
O× cross section area of rod ×height of rod =density of liquid ×Cross section area of rod ×height of rod under the surface
O×L=density of liquid ×(L-h)
Then, density of liquid =OL/(L-h).
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Kinetic energy and mass are ________ proportional.
Answers
Answer:
The Kinetic energy and mass are _directly_ proportional.
Explanation:
We know that Kinetic Energy is basically termed as the capacity of a body to do work.
Kinetic energy is often used to associate with moving objects, therefore, K.E is normally termed as the energy of motion.
The formula of K.E of an object of mass and velocity is defined
K.E = 1/2mv²
From the formula, it is clear that K.E is directly proportional to its mass and also directly proportional to the square of its velocity.
For example,
If A toy plane with a mass of 10 kg is flying at 20 m/s. Its K.E will be:
m = 10 kgv = 20 m/sK.E = 1/2mv²
= 1/2(10)(20)²
= 1/2(10)(400)
= 5(400)
= 2000 J
Now, let suppose, if we double the mass of a toy plane i.e.
m = 20 kg
so
K.E = 1/2mv²
= 1/2(20)(20)²
= 1/2(20)(400)
= 10(400)
= 400 J
Therefore, the K.E is doubled when doubled the mass.
Therefore, the Kinetic energy and mass are _directly_ proportional.
Answer:
directly
Explanation:
PLZ HELP ME I HAVE A TIMER!!!
Plz find the initial value (u)
Thank you soo much!!!
Answers
answer:
u =11
Explanation:
brackets were inserted in the 1st step,to make it simpler as multiplication is done first, before addition.
hope this helps:))
