Arrange the steps used to create a subunit, or piggyback, vaccine in the correct order, beginning with the first step at the top.Recombinant DNA is inserted into the harmless virus, and many copies of the recombinant virus are produced DNA is extracted from a pathogenic virus, and a gene encoding a surface protein of the virus is isolatedThe harmless virus with recombinant DNA is injected into the human body Antibodies to the pathogenic virus' surface protein are made, and immunity is developedDNA from a harmless virus is extracted and cleaved, and the surface protein gene from the pathogenic virus is combined with the harmless DNA
Answers
The correct steps to create a subunit or vaccine are:
DNA is extracted from a pathogenic virus, and a gene encoding a surface protein of the virus is isolatedDNA from a harmless virus is extracted and cleaved, and the surface protein gene from the pathogenic virus is combined with the harmless DNA.Recombinant DNA is inserted into the harmless virus, and many copies of the recombinant virus are produced.The harmless virus with recombinant DNA is injected into the human body.Antibodies to the pathogenic virus' surface protein are synthesized, and immunity is developed.Vaccine is a medicated preparation that protects the body from harmful pathogens. It does so by enhancing the immune system of an organism against the disease caused by the pathogen.
Antibodies are the part of immune system produced naturally as a result of infection in the body. There function is to protect the body against the invaders.
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Related Questions
WRAP-UP
To wrap up everything that we have discussed about the effects of innovative finishing materials in the marketability of products. Answer the following questions below.
1. What are the effects of innovative finishing materials?
1.Paint: __________
2. Varnish:__________
3. Enamel:__________
4.Sandpaper:__________
5.Stain:__________
Answers
The effects of the innovative finishing materials listed below are:
What are innovative finishing materials?
Innovative Finishing Materials are materials that are used for modern construction.
They are used to beautify and add finesse to construction works.
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Enzymes use several types of catalytic mechanisms. Differentiate between acid-base catalysis, covalent catalysis, and metal ion catalysis. (If you answer any part of this question incorrectly, a single red X will appear indicating that one or more of the phrases are sorted incorrectly.) (Place the correct definitions in the correct categories (there are 4 categories), acid-base, covalent, metal or all):
catalysts may participate in oxidation-reduction reactions by changes in the oxidation state
a Zn2+ cofactor may properly orient the substrate in the active site through ionic interactions
may take part in interactions involving Fe2+
lowers the energy or stabilizes the transition state or intermediate
catalyst retains its original form after reaction occurs
a proton is transferred between enzyme and substrate
a covalent bond forms between enzyme and substrate
two-part catalytic process (for example, the chymotrypsin mechanism)
use a nucleophilic function group
may use amino acids such as aspartate or lysine for protonation or proton abstraction
Answers
The differentiation between acid-base catalysis, covalent catalysis, and metal ion catalysis is given below:
The DifferentiationAcid-base catalysis
a proton is transferred between the enzyme and substratemay use amino acids such as aspartate or Lysine for protonation or proton abstractionCovalent catalysis
a covalent bond is formed between enzyme and substratetwo-part catalytic process (for example; chymotrypsin mechanismuses a nucleophilic functional groupMetal ion catalysis
catalysts may participate in oxidation-reduction reactions by changes in the oxidation state.a Zn2+ cofactor may properly orient the substrate in the active site through ionic interactions.May take part in interactions involving Fe2+All
lowers activation energy or stabilizes the transition state or intermediatecatalyst retains its original form after the reaction occursRead more about covalent catalysis here:
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A basic solution will have
O a low hydrogen ion concentration and a high pH.
O a low hydrogen ion concentration and a low pH.
O a high hydrogen ion concentration and a low pH.
O a high hydrogen ion concentration and a high pH.
Answers
Answer:
a low hydrogen ion concentration and a high pH
a) Write down two factors they need to keep the same in their investigation
b) Write down the factor they change.
What do they measure to get their results?
water a light
Answers
Answer:
hope it helps mate
Explanation:
a) Two factors they need to keep the same in their investigation are the type of plant they are using and the amount of water and light they give each plant.
b) The factor they change is the amount of water and light they give to each plant.
To get their results, they measure the growth of each plant over a set period of time. They may also measure other factors such as the number of leaves, the height of the plant, or the color of the leaves to determine the overall health of the plant.
a) In their investigation, the students need to keep two factors the same:
1. Temperature: They must maintain a constant temperature of 25°C throughout the experiment.
2. Control substances: They need to keep the substances used in the control situation the same.
b) The factor they change is:
The students change the conditions related to the pH of the reaction mixture, the amount of yeast added, and the type of sugar used.
a) In their investigation, the students need to keep two factors the same:
1. Temperature: They must maintain a constant temperature of 25°C throughout the experiment. This ensures that any changes in the rate of fermentation are solely attributed to the variables they are testing.
2. Control substances: They need to keep the substances used in the control situation the same. This includes using 25 ml of buffer pH 7, 2 grams of sucrose, and 2 grams of yeast. Keeping these constant allows for a baseline comparison against the experimental conditions.
b) The factor they change is:
The variable being tested: The students change the conditions related to the pH of the reaction mixture, the amount of yeast added, and the type of sugar used. These variables are altered to observe their effect on the rate of fermentation.
To obtain their results, the students measure the pressure generated during the fermentation process. They use a Vernier Equipment Pressure sensor connected to a LabPro interface to record the pressure values over time.
By collecting and analyzing the pressure data, they can assess the rate of fermentation under different experimental conditions. The pressure readings indicate the gas produced as a byproduct of fermentation, providing a quantitative measure of the fermentation rate.
This allows the students to determine the optimal conditions for the new fermentation process to be used at the local bakery.
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Can u help me to match it for me?
Answers
The words about biodiversity and other matters are correctly matched in the attached image.
What is biodiversity?Biodiversity is a term that refers to the variety of living beings on earth and the relationship between them. This relationship is given thanks to the evolution and adaptation that has occurred between species. Also due to evolution there will be a genetic diversity that helps this relationship that occurs in the species with its environment.
Human needs depend immensely on biodiversity since it will provide the raw materials for their survival. For this reason, we must conserve and preserve the ecosystems in which we inhabit in order to obtain services for human development.
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1. Based on this table and the description in Part I, did the driver's behavior match his measured
BAC of 0.12 percent? Explain. (1-2 sentences)
2. If the driver had consumed only two beers as he claimed, what kind of behavior might he show?
(1-2 sentences)
3. The legal limit for driving is 0.08 percent BAC. Can a driver show effects of impairment below
this level? What effects might be present? Do you think it is safe to drive with these effects?
Explain your answer. (2-3 sentences)
I
Answers
Yes, the driver's behavior corresponds to a measured BAC of 0.12%.
If the driver had two beers, he might have been less inhibited, less judgmental, and less attentive.
Yes, the driver might show mild impairments in balance, speech, vision, reaction time, and hearing. It is not safe to drive with these effect.
What are BAC levels?Blood alcohol content, also known as blood alcohol concentration or blood alcohol concentration, is a measure of alcohol intoxication used for legal or medical purposes. It is mass of alcohol per volume or mass of blood. BAC values above 0.08% are considered endangered. Exceeding 0.4% is lethal.
A standard 12 ounce beer has about 5% alcohol. This equates to approximately 14.03 grams of alcohol per glass of beer. If the driver had two glasses of beer, he used 28.06 g or 28.06 ml.
The driver weighs around 160 lbs or he is 72.57 kg with 72,560 ml of body volume.
Most men's bodies are 68% water. Therefore, the amount of water in his body is 49,350 ml.
BAC = (28.06/49,350) × 100
= 0.0569%
But the measured BAC is 0.12, clearly states that the driver was lying.
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The complete question is as follows:
A regular 12-oz beer is about 5% alcohol. This works out to about 14.03 grams of alcohol per beer. If the driver drank two beers, how many grams of alcohol did he consume?
The driver weighs about 160 lbs. What is his body weight in kg? What is his body volume in mL? (1 lb = 0.45 kg) (1 kg = 1000 mL)
For most males, 68 percent of the body is water. What is the volume of water in the driver’s body in mL?
Use the above information to calculate BAC.
The measured BAC was 0.12%. Was the driver telling the truth about how much he drank? Calculate the difference between the two BAC percentages.
If the driver had really consumed only two beers, would he have been arrested for DUI? Explain.
1. Based on this table and the description in Part I, did the driver's behavior match his measured
BAC of 0.12 percent? Explain. (1-2 sentences)
2. If the driver had consumed only two beers as he claimed, what kind of behavior might he show?
(1-2 sentences)
3. The legal limit for driving is 0.08 percent BAC. Can a driver show effects of impairment below
this level? What effects might be present? Do you think it is safe to drive with these effects?
Explain your answer. (2-3 sentences)
Q:Explain how the heart functions as a pump and keeps blood flowing in only one direction?
Answers
Answer:
As the heart pumps blood a series of valves open and close tightly.
Explanation:
The valves ensure that blood flows in only one direction, preventing back flow.
I need help pleaseeee
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
1. The genotype is Ff for both
2 The phenotype is having freckles
3. FF, Ff, Ff, ff
4. 75% freckles 25% no freckles
Answer:
1.) Genotype = Ff
2.) Phenotype = having freckles
3.) Possible Genotypes = FF, Ff, ff
Probability of each Genotype = 25% FF, 50% Ff, and 25% ff
4.) Possible Phenotypes = Freckles and no freckles
Probability of each Phenotype = 75% freckles and 25% no freckles
Explanation:
1.) A genotype is the specific combination of alleles which give rise to a trait. Alleles are represented by the letters (F and f).
Heterozygous individuals have one of each type of allele. Therefore, the genotype of the couple is Ff.
2.) Phenotypes are the trait which the genotypes are expressing. When an allele is said to be dominant (like the F allele), it means that individuals with at least one of these alleles will express the associated trait. Remember, heterozygous individuals have one dominant allele (F) and one recessive allele (f). Because there is at least one dominant allele, the phenotype of the couple is to have freckles.
A large object orbiting a star
Answers
Answer:
It is called planet
please 5 adaptations of animals in the Savannah ASAP
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Long Legs: To travel swiftly and effectively across the grasslands, many species in the Savannah have long legs, including giraffes, zebras, and antelopes. These creatures' long legs also enable them to see farther and see predators from a distance.
Camouflage: Many species in the Savannah, including cheetahs, lions, and leopards, have developed camouflage as a way of adapting to their environment. Their fur coats conceal them from both predators and prey since they mix in with the Savannah's grass and trees.
Several animals in the Savannah, like camels, have internal water reservoirs. This spares them from having to constantly look for water in the harsh, dry climate of the Savannah.
Several animals in the Savannah exhibit social behavior, including zebras and vast herds of wildebeests. They are better able to find food and stave off predators because to this habit.
Several creatures in the Savannah, like the lion and hyena, have nighttime habits. At night, when it is cooler and there is less competition for food, they hunt and forage. This adaption enables them to endure in the harsh Savannah environment
Compare and contrast a space telescope to a terrestrial (earth bound) telescope.
Answers
Answer: Space-based telescopes like Hubble get a much clearer view of the universe than most of their ground-based counterparts. Ground-based telescopes can't do the same, because the Earth's atmosphere absorbs a lot of the infrared and ultraviolet light that passes through it.
Explanation:
Which one of the following questions could climate science attribution be used to address?
Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
Answer choices
How much is climate change responsible for California's 2020 record-breaking fire season?
How many people will be forced to flee their homelands because of climate change?
When will coastal population centers have to be evacuated due to climate change?
What will the maximum temperatures be when the next heat waves strike Europe?
Answers
The question "How much is climate change responsible for California's 2020 record-breaking fire season?" could be addressed using climate science attribution.
What is Temperature?
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance, such as a gas, liquid, or solid. It is a measure of how hot or cold an object or substance is, and it determines the direction of heat transfer between objects in thermal contact. Temperature is usually measured using a thermometer and is commonly expressed in units such as Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), or Kelvin (K).
Climate science attribution is the field of study that aims to determine the extent to which human-caused climate change contributes to specific weather events or phenomena. It involves using scientific methods to analyze and quantify the role of climate change in influencing the occurrence, severity, or intensity of a particular event.
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What TWO things cause denaturation of enzymes:
Answers
aid of diagram describe the biconversion of surfur cycles?
Answers
Answer:
The sulfur cycle describes the movement of sulfur through the geosphere and biosphere. Sulfur is released from rocks through weathering, and then assimilated by microbes and plants. It is then passed up the food chain and assimilated by plants and animals, and released when they decompose.
Consider the path that blood takes through the heart and put the following locations in the correct order. The starting point is blood returning to the heart from
systemic (body) circulation.
1. out to the lungs
2. right atrium
3. left ventricle
4. back from the lungs
5. left atrium
6. right ventricle
7. aorta out to systemic (body) circulation
O A6, 2, 1,4,3,5,7
B.2.5, 1,4,6,3,7
C.2.6,1.4,5, 3, 7
O 0.5,3, 1, 4, 2, 6,7
Answers
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Suppose a population grows according to a logistic model with initial population 500 and carrying capacity 5,000. If the population grows to 1250 after one year, what will the population be after another three years
Answers
Answer:
4,500
Explanation:
The logistic growth model is given by:
\(\frac{dP}{dt}=rP(1-\frac{P}{K} )\)
Solving for P(t), we obtain:
\(P(t)=\dfrac{KP_0e^{rt}}{(K-P_0)+P_0e^{rt}}$ where:\\P_0=$Initial Population\\K=Carrying Capacity\\r=Growth rate\\P(t)=Population at a time t.\)
We are given that:
\(I$nitial Population,P_0=500\\$Carrying Capacity,K=5000\\Population after one year, P(1)=1250 \implies t=1\)
Therefore:
\(1250=\dfrac{500 \times 5000e^{r \times 1}}{(5000-500)+500e^{r\times 1}}\\\\1250[(5000-500)+500e^{r}]=500 \times 5000e^{r}\\4500+500e^{r}=2000e^{r}\\2000e^{r}-500e^{r}=4500\\1500e^{r}=4500\\e^r=3\\$Take the natural logarithm of both sides\\r =\ln 3\)
We want to determine the population after another three years. i,e When t=4
\(P(4)=\dfrac{500 \times 5000e^{\ln|3| \times 4}}{(5000-500)+500e^{\ln|3| \times 4}}\\=\dfrac{2,500,000e^{\ln|3| \times 4}}{4500+500e^{\ln|3| \times 4}}\\P(4)=4500\)
Therefore, after another three years, the population will be 4500.
this figure demonstrates the concept of negative feedback regulation, both of hormone secretion and blood glucose concentration. which of the following statement(s) is/are false? select all that apply. a. injection of glucose into the blood will tend to lower the secretion of insulin by the pancreas. b. damage to the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas will tend to raise blood glucose levels. c. an agonist of insulin that binds and activates insulin receptors will tend to raise blood glucose levels. d. injection of insulin into the blood will cause glucose to be transported from blood into cells.
Answers
Correct Options are a, c for negative feedback.
a. Injecting glucose into the circulation will often cause the pancreas to secrete less insulin.
c. Blood glucose levels will typically rise in response to an insulin agonist that binds and activates insulin receptors.
The hormone glucagon is released by the pancreas if blood glucose levels are too low. The blood carries this to the liver, where it stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose. Blood glucose levels return to normal as soon as the glucose enters the bloodstream. This is an instance of unfavorable commentary.
By enabling the insulin-dependent absorption of glucose into muscle and adipose tissue after docking to these tissues' receptors, insulin decreases blood glucose levels by eliminating exogenous glucose from the bloodstream.
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In April 1990, the El Paso County (Colorado) Health Department recognized an outbreak of drug-resistant gonorrhea in Colorado Springs. 56 cases of penicillin- resistant Neisseria gonorrheae occurred from December 1989 through March 1991. To gather information about the outbreak, 410 persons related through a densely connected set of social or sexual associations were interviewed. What can public health workers tell individuals in this network to stop the spread of Gonorrhea in this population?
a) Preventive treatment with penicillin will prevent Gonorrhea infection in individuals not already infected.
b) Only individuals with symptoms should seek medical screening since all cases of Gonorrhea are associated with symptoms.
c) Condoms will not prevent the spread of Gonorrhea. Gonorrhea can spread from an infected mother to a fetus.
d) Gonorrhea is more prevalent in individuals 24 years and older.
Answers
Answer:
c) Condoms will not prevent the spread of Gonorrhea. Gonorrhea can spread from an infected mother to a fetus.
Explanation:
To prevent the spread of infection, it is important that healthcare professionals inform people about ways to protect themselves against infection. In addition, it is important that health professionals inform the dangers that this infection can cause, such as symptoms and rapid transmission, which can even happen from mother to fetus. On how to protect themselves, health professionals can say that the use of condoms is the most efficient form of protection.
Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Social cognitive theory emphasizes how cognitive, behavioral, personal, and environmental factors interact to determine motivation and behavior. Social cognitive theory was presented by Albert Bandura in response to his dissatisfaction with the principles of behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize the influence of learning and cognition on human behavior.
Behavioral and social cognitive theoriesBehavioral theories, such as classical and operant conditioning, focus on how external stimuli and reinforcement shape behavior. They emphasize the role of environmental factors in shaping and modifying behaviors.
Social cognitive theories, such as social learning theory, highlight the importance of observational learning, modeling, and cognitive processes in understanding behavior. They emphasize that individuals learn not only through direct experience but also by observing others and the consequences of their actions.
Social cognitive theories also emphasize the role of self-efficacy beliefs and how individuals' perceptions of their abilities influence their behavior.
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I ONLY HAVE TODAY a student claims that model A shows winter in both hemispheres. Do you agree? Explain why or why not.
Answers
model A does not show winter in both hemispheres. He shows the land without the slope and the meridians that divide them.Actually, the names for the hot season (summer) and cold season (winter) apply the same way in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. What is different is when those seasons occur on the Jovian Calendar. Our northern winter is in Dec, Jan and Feb, whereas the southern winter is in June, July, and August.
What is the Earth's axis?The Earth's axis is an imaginary line that passes through the center of the Earth, going from the North Pole to the South Pole. The Earth moves around its imaginary axis, taking a total of 24 hours to complete the rotation.
What is parallels and meridians?The parallels are lines that run parallel to the Equator, which "cuts" the Earth in half, causing the division between the northern and southern hemispheres. The best known parallels are the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
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Answer: No. Since Model A shows an equinox, it shows that it is spring in one hemisphere and fall in the other hemisphere.
Explanation: SAMPLE ANSWER FOR EDMENTUM
There are three semicircular canals per ear.
True
O False
Qui
Answers
explain the importance of all 3 biomolecules in general and for making ATP.
Answers
The three biomolecules that are used for making ATP are Lipids (fats) , Carbohydrates and Proteins
The biomolecules also known as biological molecules serve a wide range of activities and they vary in shape and their size . It is also considered essential to life because they help organisms develop, survive, and propagate. The biomolecules interact with one another which play a role in the development of organisms .
There are four types of biological molecules which are carbohydrates which is used as an energy source , lipids which is used for storage and support , proteins is used for supporting essential vital functions and amino acids are the developing elements that make up proteins and nucleic acids for storing genetic information .
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Claim:
Island's weather will continue to be most like the
weather where orangutans live.
Answers
The claim states that the weather on an island will continue to be most like the weather where orangutans live. To evaluate this claim, we need to consider several factors:
Native Habitat: Orangutans are native to the tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia, including Indonesia and Malaysia. These regions typically experience a warm and humid climate throughout the year.Island Location: The specific location of the island in question is crucial in determining its weather patterns. Islands can vary greatly in terms of their geographical location, size, and surrounding bodies of water, which can influence climate.Island's Climate: To determine if the island's weather is similar to that of orangutan habitats, we need to assess its climate. This involves analyzing factors such as temperature, rainfall, humidity, and seasonal variations.Without specific details about the island in question, it is difficult to make a definitive assessment. However, if the island is located within or near the equatorial belt and shares similar climatic conditions with Southeast Asian rainforests, it is more likely to have weather resembling that of orangutan habitats.
It is important to note that climate can vary even within a specific region, so a thorough analysis of the island's climatic data would be necessary to make an accurate comparison. Additionally, factors such as changes in global climate patterns over time may also impact the accuracy of this claim.
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control of the housefly
Answers
Answer:
hope this will help you
Explanation:
use sticky trapsuse ultraviolet light trapkeeping windows screened and doors closeduse insecticide sprayTerm Definition
7. Independent variable a. The number of unpopped popcorn kernels
8. Controlled variable b. The brand of popcorn
9. Responding variable c. The time the popcorn is cooked
Answers
8: B
9: A
7 the independent variable is almost always time
8 the controlled variable is what you choose to be affected
9 the responding variable is the variable affected by the independent variable, for this example it is time heated and the number of unpoped kernels
The terms with respect to their definitions are matched below:
Independent variable: The time the popcorn is cooked. Controlled variable: The brand of popcorn. Responding variable: The number of unpopped popcorn kernels. What is an Independent variable?An independent variable may be defined as a variable that stands isolated and isn't altered by the other variables you are trying to measure in your experiments.
A controlled variable may be defined as a variable that remains unchanged during the course of whole experiments.
A responding variable may be defined as a variable that responds according to the effect of controlled and independent variables.
Therefore, it is well described above.
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which of these is an effect of an algal bloom
Answers
Answer:
An increase growth in microorganisms results in oxygen depletion
Explanation:
The growth of algal bloom is caused due to excessive runoff rich in the nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous. This run off comes from the agricultural field.
These nutrients aids in the growth of the algae(microorganisms) in large number. This growth forms a layer on the water body and use the oxygen present in the water and makes the water oxygen deficient.
Lesson Question:How can the presence of
one species benefit another in the same
ecosystem?
Check all correct elements below that you
included in your question.
independent variable: presence of one
species (here, worms)
dependent variable: effect on another
species (here, lima bean plants)
relationship: benefit
DONE
Answers
Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship where all species involved benefit from their interactions.
How can the presence of one species in the same ecosystem assist another?A mutualism occurs when two species have a long-term relationship that benefits both of them (+/+ interaction). Some fungi, for example, create mutualistic relationships with plant roots. The plant may photosynthesize and gives fixed carbon to the fungus in the form of sugars and other organic compounds.
The presence of several species in an ecosystem balances it. The species in an ecosystem interact with one another in some way. For example, the existence of a plant species will offer food for the numerous herbivores found in an ecosystem. A predator may consume a variety of prey. As a result, the existence of diverse prey reduces the likelihood of a species becoming extinct in the ecosystem. As a result, all creatures in an ecosystem are dependent on one another in some way.
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4. What are the two new cells called that are produced after cell division is complete?
DNA cells
prophase cells
parent cells
daughter cells
Answers
Answer:
DNA and daughter cells are two new cells produced after cell division
↓Answer ↓
DAUGHTER CELLS
↓Explanation↓
Mitosis is a type of cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that are genetically identical to itself. In the context of the cell cycle, mitosis is the part of the division process in which the DNA of the cell's nucleus is split into two equal sets of chromosomes.
#carry on learning
Find the missing side.
14
7
= [?]
X =
Round to the nearest tenth.
Enter
![Find the missing side. 14 7 = [?] X = Round to the nearest tenth. Enter](https://i5t5.c14.e2-1.dev/h-images-qa/contents/attachments/oBAHhrJAEV0bxL8PqhfoewRDAhrNmUG7.jpeg)
Answers
The value of the missing side in the triangle that we have in the question is 12.
What is the Pythagoras theorem?
Numerous disciplines, including mathematics, physics, engineering, and architecture, frequently use the Pythagorean theorem. It offers a way to determine side lengths that are unknown or determine whether a triangle is a right triangle. It also forms the basis for trigonometry, the study of the connections between triangles' angles and sides.
Using;
\(c^2 = a^2 + b^2\\x^2 = 14^2 - 7^2\)
x = 12
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Older rock layers contain fossils of many kinds of organisms that are not in younger rock layers. What most likely happened to the kinds of organisms that became fossilized? A. They evolved into new organisms that could not become fossilized. OB. They stopped becoming fossilized because their environment changed. OC. They formed fossils in the younger rock layers, but those rock layers broke down. D. They became extinct, so they did not exist when the younger rock layers formed.
Answers
They became extinct, so they did not exist when the younger rock layers formed. Option D.
The most likely scenario based on the information provided is that the organisms that became fossilized in older rock layers became extinct, and therefore, they did not exist when the younger rock layers formed.
Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of organisms from the past, and they provide valuable insights into the history of life on Earth. The distribution of fossils in rock layers follows the principle of superposition, which states that younger rock layers are deposited on top of older ones.
This implies that the fossils found in older rock layers represent organisms that lived in the past and were preserved through the fossilization process.
If the older rock layers contain fossils of many kinds of organisms that are not found in younger rock layers, it suggests that those organisms no longer existed by the time the younger rock layers formed. The absence of their fossils in younger layers indicates that either the organisms became extinct or their populations shifted to different habitats or regions where their remains were not preserved as fossils.
This phenomenon aligns with the concept of extinction, which is the complete disappearance of a species or a group of organisms. Extinction can occur due to various factors such as environmental changes, competition, predation, or other selective pressures.
Organisms that became extinct would not be present in subsequent rock layers because they were no longer alive or did not have a viable population to leave behind fossil remains.
Therefore, the most reasonable explanation is that the organisms that became fossilized in older rock layers became extinct, and this is why they are not found in younger rock layers. SO Option D is correct.
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